CANCER SCREENING 4

DOC DO I NEED TO GO FOR CANCER SCREENING 4

Cancer screening :

F.Cervical Cancer

Cervical Cancer is the sixth most common cancer in women in Singapore but can be prevented and treated early if regular screening is done.

Women who are at high risk of cervical cancer are those with:
1.sexual intercourse at an early stage


2.sexual intercourse with multiple partners


3.history of sexually transmitted infections


4.infection with certain high risk strains of human papilloma virus (HPV)


5.weakened immune system such as HIV infection


6.prolonged use of combined oral contraceptive (birth control)pills

Cancer screening procedures includes:
1.Pap smear test should be done yearly in women who has sexual intercourse or abnormal vaginal bleeding.
The Pap smear test involve a simple procedure in which the doctor obtains some scraping from the neck of the womb or cervix to detect abnormal cell changes.
Early detection of cancer of the cervix means early treatment and cure.
Patients who had HPV vaccination should also continue to go for regular Pap smear every 3 years


2.Yearly vaginal examination and pelvic examination which involve the Pap smear

G.Nasopharyngeal Cancer

Nasopharyngeal Cancer or NPC is a common cancer of the head and neck region especially common in Chinese men between the age of 40-65.

People who are at risk of developing Nasopharyngeal Cancer or NPC are:
1.family history of nasopharyngeal cancer -common in Chinese males, less so in other races and females


2.Viral infection of the nose-Epstein-Barr (EBV) virus has been shown to be present in most cases of nasopharyngeal cancer

3.Smoking with its 40 or more toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke can stimulate abnormal cells in the nose to mutate and become cancerous

Cancer screening procedures of nasopharyngeal cancer includes:
1.Blood test-tumor marker EBV. Blood is tested for raised level of EBV IgA antibodies against Viral Capsid Antigen(VCA) and Early Antigen).
Patients with raised EBV IgA antibody have a higher risk of developing NPC.
If these antibodies are seen to rise significantly, there is an indication of possibility of NPC in which case an endoscope examination of the upper nose and nasal biopsy can be done to exclude NPC.


VCA IgA test is more sensitive than EBV but remains high for 6 months following a viral upper respiratory tract infection.


EA IgA test is more specific in diagnosing NPC but the levels are also high in cancers of salivary glands, lung and stomach.


2.nasoendoscopy for patients with family history of of nasopharyngeal cancer or NPC.

A Simple Guide to Nasopharyngeal Cancer

A Simple Guide to Nasopharyngeal Cancer
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What is Nasopharyngeal Cancer ?
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Nasopharyngeal cancer, commonly referred to as NPC, occurs when the cells lining the nasopharynx(area behind the nose and above the back of the throat) become abnormal and proliferates giving rise to cancer cells.
It affects more men than women.

What are the causes of Nasopharyngeal Cancer?
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Various causes may be involved:
1.Genes. -males between the ages of 20-50 from southern China and Southeast Asia are at higher risk.

2.Diet. such as preserved foods ( salted fish, vegetables and meat) can cause a higher risk of NPC. Cooking of such food releases toxic substances called nitrosamines into the fumes that we breathe.
Many NPC patients consumed much less fresh fruit and vegetables.

3.Virus. There is evidence that NPC patients have higher levels of the Epstein-Barr virus in their blood. The Epstein-Barr virus activating substances have been detected in a number of these preserved foods.

4.Smoking. People who smokes have a higher risk

What are the signs and symptoms of Nasopharyngeal Cancer?
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The following are symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer:

1.A painless lump in the neck-usually a lymph node infiltrated by cancer cells

2.Nosebleed or blood stained sputum

3.Blocking of one or both nostrils

4.Loss of hearing, or ringing in the ear

5.Discharge from the ear

6.Blurred or double vision

7.Difficulty in breathing or speaking

8.Persistant Sore throat

9.Paralysis of one side of the face

10.Headaches

How can Nasopharyngeal Cancer be detected?
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Examination of the upper part of the nose for swelling or lumps.
An endoscope is inserted into the nose. The ENT specialist may extract tissue(biopsy) which can be sent for testing, to confirm if there is a cancerous growth.

If a tumour is found, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to assess its size.

Patients may also be tested for the presence of the Epstein-Barr virus in their systems. This is used to indicate the likelihood of contracting NPC.

How can NPC be prevented?
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No one can be fully protected from NPC.
However, you can modify your lifestyle practices to reduce your chances of contracting NPC.
Avoid preserved foods at an early age.
Eat fresh fruit and vegetables. Studies ave found that citrus fruits (rich in Vitamin C) and orange-coloured vegetables (eg, carrots and sweet potatoes), tomatoes, and dark green vegetables (all rich in carotenoids) also help lower the chances of contracting NPC.
Don't smoke. Smoking increases the risk of NPC by two to four times. Those who smoke, can still lower their risk by cutting down on the number of cigarettes smoked a day. Better still, quit smoking.

How can Nasopharyngeal Cancer be treated?
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Radiotherapy.
This is the most common treatment. This involves the use of radiation to attack cancer cells, stopping them from growing or multiplying.

Chemotherapy.
This involves the use of anti-cancer medication to treat the cancer.
For both methods, the patient may experience side-effects such as tiredness and nausea.

Surgery
Surgery is seldom used because of the danger of cutting tissues too close to the brain.

Early treatment is recommended as it increases the patient's chances of survival.
Delayed action could result in the cancer spreading to other parts of the body, making it more difficult to treat.