A Simple Guide to Burns & Scalds
--------------------------------
What are burns and scalds?
------------------------------
A burn is skin which is damaged most commonly by
1.fire or heat.
2.chemicals,
3.electricity
4.light including sunlight
5.radiation.
A scald is a burn caused by hot liquids or steam.
How do you determine the severity of the burn?
------------------------------------------------------
The following are considered when determining the severity of the burn:
1.Degree of burn
2.Extent of the burn
3.Age of patient
4.Body region burned
5.Other illnesses and injuries
What are the degree of burns and scalds?
--------------------------------------------
First degree Burn:
----------------------
superficial injury only affecting the epidermis
The skin is red, hot and painful.
Damage is superficial and temporary.
There is no blisters.
Second degree burn:
------------------------
first layer of skin is burned through, second layer is damaged
The underlying tissues are not damaged..
The skin is red, hot, swoolen and intensely painful and there is blister formation.
Third degree Burn:
-----------------------
The full thickness of the skin is damaged including sometimes the underlying tissues.
The skin may appear pale and leathery or charred.
Because the nerves are damaged, there may not be pain.
How do you estimate the extent of the Burn or scald?
-----------------------------------------------------
The rule of nines give a rough estimate of the extent of the burn:
Each of the following represents 9% of body surface:
head and neck
each upper limb
the front of each lower limb
the back of each lower limb
the chest
the abdomen
the upper back
the lower back and buttocks
These constitute 99% of the body surface.
The remainder 1% is assigned to the genitals.
Age of the Patient:
----------------------
The infant and young child have a surface area greater in proportion to the whole body compared with a older child or adult. There is therefore more body fluid loss and more danger.
An older adult above 55 years has less ability for his tissues to heal from any burns as compared to an younger adult.
Region of body burned
----------------------
Face- burn to the face is serious because it may involve the airway or injury to the eyes.
Hands and feet - burns are also of special concern because scarring may mean loss of movement of the fingers and toes.
Groins,buttocks- burns here are particularly prone to bacterial infection
Circumferential burns- encircle the body or body part and can block circulation to the tissues distal to the burn.
Other illnesses and injuries
----------------------------
Illness such as those below can aggravate the severity of the burns and affect the healing:
Respiratory diseases
Diabetes
Heart disease
Injuries like fractures
The source of the Burn-
is also important.
A minor burn caused by nuclear radiation is more dangerous than one caused by heat.
Chemical burns are particularly more serious because the chemicals may remain on the skin and burn for hours and may enter the bloodstream causing toxic reactions.
What is the treatment for burns and scalds?
---------------------------------------------------
Superficial(first degree) burns and scalds, and partial-thickness(2nd degree) ones which does not involve an area smaller than that of the victim's palm can be treated at home:
1.Remove all jewelry and clothing at the burn area
2.Put the injured part under cold running water for a few minutes to ease the pain.
Dry by patting with a clean cloth.
3.Apply a soothing cream or lotion for scalds and burns.
4.Try not to break a blister. If a blister is already broken, apply an antiseptic lotion.
5.Painkillers may be necessary for pain.
More severe cases should be treated in a hospital:
1.the burn or scald is full-thickness (3rd degree).
2.the mouth or throat, eyes, ears, entire face or genital area is involved .
3.chemical or any corrosive substance burns.
4.electric current or lightning burns .
5.thick smoke or hot air inhalation with breathing difficulty
6.the burn or scald gets infected(fever, pus formation and increasing pain, redness and swelling).
7.partial-thickness burn affects an area larger than the victim's palm.
8.medical illnesses such as diabetes, heart attack and stroke are present
Showing posts with label chemicals. Show all posts
Showing posts with label chemicals. Show all posts
Thursday, December 20, 2007
Friday, September 28, 2007
A Simple Guide to Lymphoma
A Simple Guide to Lymphoma
-----------------------------------
What is Lymphoma?
------------------------
Lymphoma is a cancer of the tissue of the lymphatic system where there is a large number of abnormal white blood cells called lymphocytes causing swelling of lymph nodes or involvement of the other organs.
This can disrupt the immune-system cells and reduce a person's ability to resist infections and diseases. The lymph nodes become swollen forming painless lumps or tumours.
Although lymphomas usually begin in a lymph node, it also can originate in the stomach, intestines, skin or any other organ that contains lymphoid tissue.
Lymph nodes are found anywhere in the body, particularly in the neck, armpits, groin, above the heart and around the big blood vessels inside the abdomen.
Who are at risk of getting Lymphomas?
----------------------------------------------
1.Men are at a higher risk of getting lymphomas.
The disease is uncommon among younger men.
It often develops after the age of 50.
2. past history of severe viral infections which lowers your immune system eg. HIV virus
3.history of organ transplants and on immuno suppressive drugs
4.history of cancer and previous treatment with chemtherapy or radiation therapy
5. frequent exposure to chemicals, solvents,pesticides
6.family history of lymphoma
What are the types of Lymphoma?
----------------------------------------
There are two main types of lymphoma.
They are:
Hodgkin's Disease
Hodgkin's disease is characterised by the presence of a specific type of abnormal cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell. This cancer can spread throughout the lymphatic system, affecting any organ or lymph tissue in the body.
Hodgkin's disease usually attack people in their late 20s or older than 50.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Most lymph cancers are non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
There are many types of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas develops in the age group of 60 - 70.
Different types of lymphoma occur in different age groups.
1.Adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is classified by the size, shape and arrangement of the cancer cells in the lymph node. The appearance will determine the type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The degree or seriousness of the disease is broken into three types (grades) -
1.low-grade (slower-growing),
2.intermediate grade and
3.high-grade (aggressive).
These grades are crucial in determining the treatment options to treat the cancer.
2.Childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphomas include lymphoblastic lymphoma, large cell lymphoma and small non-cleaved cell lymphoma (including Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's lymphomas).
What are the Symptoms of Lymphoma?
-----------------------------------------------
The most common symptom associated with lymphoma is
1.lymph node swelling. A painless swelling initially surfaces in the early stages of the cancer. This swelling may persist or increase in size. The most common affected areas would be the neck, armpits or groin.
Other symptoms are:
2.unexplained constant fever,
3.sudden weight loss,
4. itchy skin or rashes,
5. night sweats and
6. abdominal pain
What are the causes of Lymphomas?
-------------------------------------------
There is no known cause for lymphomas.
However, it has been closely linked to several factors -
1) environmental influences, Environmental influences may take the form of extreme exposure to certain chemicals like herbicides and insecticides.
2) genetic factors
There are inherited immune-deficiency disorders from birth such as Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome which have been blamed for the cause of genetic factors that result in lymphomas.
3) viral infections. Viral infections such as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been associated with lymphomas.
What is the Treatment of Lymphoma?
---------------------------------------------
Hodgkin's Disease can only be treated with radiation therapy using high-energy X-rays to kill lymphoma cells in the affected area. This procedure may also be combined with chemotherapy.
Treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, can vary.
The treatment is based on the degree of grade of the disease.
1.Early stage and low-grade (slow-growing) lymphoma can be treated with radiation therapy and sometimes just simple observation is enough.
2. intermediate-grade lymphoma may be treated with chemotherapy.
The drugs are either injected directly into the bloodstream or swallowed as pills.
Each course of treatment is given at regulated intervals to kill cancer cells and allow the body to recover. The drugs circulate throughout the body and will reach cancer cells even when they are widespread.
Patients who are suffering from the more advanced stages and high-grade (aggressive) lymphomas will require a higher dosage of chemotherapy.
However, the high dosage has its own side effects.
Too much of it may kill healthy bone marrow that produces white and red blood cells and platelets (cells that prevent bleeding). Therefore, to assist patients tolerate the high dosage of chemotherapy treatment, stem cells or bone marrow from the patient or donor are collected beforehand. After a patient has received the chemotherapy, the stem cells or bone marrow are returned to the patient through a drip in a vein.
In addition to the above treatment methods, another option for treating lymphomas would be biological therapy. This procedure uses products such as immunoglobulin that boost the body's own immune system to fight cancer.
This therapy may be used alone or combined with chemotherapy.
In conclusion, the type of treatment sought or used depends very much on the stage, and grade of the lymphoma when diagnosed and the age and health of the patient.
Most doctors will advise their patients on the various treatment options that are the most beneficial and appropriate whilst considering the factors mentioned above.
What are the Prevention measures for Lymphomas?
-------------------------------------------------------------
1.Where exposure to some toxins and chemicals which are known to cause lymphomas are possible, one should be properly attired and guarded from these chemicals, so as to decrease the risk of developing the disease.
2.Since HIV / AIDS carriers are also related to lymphomas, one should be aware of the importance of safe sex and should stay away from drugs, as far as possible.
3.regular visits to the family doctor helps in detecting any sign or symptom that may eventually lead to the cancer.
4.healthy lifestyle and proper balanced diet are always important in the prevention of any cancer.
-----------------------------------
What is Lymphoma?
------------------------
Lymphoma is a cancer of the tissue of the lymphatic system where there is a large number of abnormal white blood cells called lymphocytes causing swelling of lymph nodes or involvement of the other organs.
This can disrupt the immune-system cells and reduce a person's ability to resist infections and diseases. The lymph nodes become swollen forming painless lumps or tumours.
Although lymphomas usually begin in a lymph node, it also can originate in the stomach, intestines, skin or any other organ that contains lymphoid tissue.
Lymph nodes are found anywhere in the body, particularly in the neck, armpits, groin, above the heart and around the big blood vessels inside the abdomen.
Who are at risk of getting Lymphomas?
----------------------------------------------
1.Men are at a higher risk of getting lymphomas.
The disease is uncommon among younger men.
It often develops after the age of 50.
2. past history of severe viral infections which lowers your immune system eg. HIV virus
3.history of organ transplants and on immuno suppressive drugs
4.history of cancer and previous treatment with chemtherapy or radiation therapy
5. frequent exposure to chemicals, solvents,pesticides
6.family history of lymphoma
What are the types of Lymphoma?
----------------------------------------
There are two main types of lymphoma.
They are:
Hodgkin's Disease
Hodgkin's disease is characterised by the presence of a specific type of abnormal cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell. This cancer can spread throughout the lymphatic system, affecting any organ or lymph tissue in the body.
Hodgkin's disease usually attack people in their late 20s or older than 50.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Most lymph cancers are non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
There are many types of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas develops in the age group of 60 - 70.
Different types of lymphoma occur in different age groups.
1.Adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is classified by the size, shape and arrangement of the cancer cells in the lymph node. The appearance will determine the type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The degree or seriousness of the disease is broken into three types (grades) -
1.low-grade (slower-growing),
2.intermediate grade and
3.high-grade (aggressive).
These grades are crucial in determining the treatment options to treat the cancer.
2.Childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphomas include lymphoblastic lymphoma, large cell lymphoma and small non-cleaved cell lymphoma (including Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's lymphomas).
What are the Symptoms of Lymphoma?
-----------------------------------------------
The most common symptom associated with lymphoma is
1.lymph node swelling. A painless swelling initially surfaces in the early stages of the cancer. This swelling may persist or increase in size. The most common affected areas would be the neck, armpits or groin.
Other symptoms are:
2.unexplained constant fever,
3.sudden weight loss,
4. itchy skin or rashes,
5. night sweats and
6. abdominal pain
What are the causes of Lymphomas?
-------------------------------------------
There is no known cause for lymphomas.
However, it has been closely linked to several factors -
1) environmental influences, Environmental influences may take the form of extreme exposure to certain chemicals like herbicides and insecticides.
2) genetic factors
There are inherited immune-deficiency disorders from birth such as Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome which have been blamed for the cause of genetic factors that result in lymphomas.
3) viral infections. Viral infections such as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been associated with lymphomas.
What is the Treatment of Lymphoma?
---------------------------------------------
Hodgkin's Disease can only be treated with radiation therapy using high-energy X-rays to kill lymphoma cells in the affected area. This procedure may also be combined with chemotherapy.
Treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, can vary.
The treatment is based on the degree of grade of the disease.
1.Early stage and low-grade (slow-growing) lymphoma can be treated with radiation therapy and sometimes just simple observation is enough.
2. intermediate-grade lymphoma may be treated with chemotherapy.
The drugs are either injected directly into the bloodstream or swallowed as pills.
Each course of treatment is given at regulated intervals to kill cancer cells and allow the body to recover. The drugs circulate throughout the body and will reach cancer cells even when they are widespread.
Patients who are suffering from the more advanced stages and high-grade (aggressive) lymphomas will require a higher dosage of chemotherapy.
However, the high dosage has its own side effects.
Too much of it may kill healthy bone marrow that produces white and red blood cells and platelets (cells that prevent bleeding). Therefore, to assist patients tolerate the high dosage of chemotherapy treatment, stem cells or bone marrow from the patient or donor are collected beforehand. After a patient has received the chemotherapy, the stem cells or bone marrow are returned to the patient through a drip in a vein.
In addition to the above treatment methods, another option for treating lymphomas would be biological therapy. This procedure uses products such as immunoglobulin that boost the body's own immune system to fight cancer.
This therapy may be used alone or combined with chemotherapy.
In conclusion, the type of treatment sought or used depends very much on the stage, and grade of the lymphoma when diagnosed and the age and health of the patient.
Most doctors will advise their patients on the various treatment options that are the most beneficial and appropriate whilst considering the factors mentioned above.
What are the Prevention measures for Lymphomas?
-------------------------------------------------------------
1.Where exposure to some toxins and chemicals which are known to cause lymphomas are possible, one should be properly attired and guarded from these chemicals, so as to decrease the risk of developing the disease.
2.Since HIV / AIDS carriers are also related to lymphomas, one should be aware of the importance of safe sex and should stay away from drugs, as far as possible.
3.regular visits to the family doctor helps in detecting any sign or symptom that may eventually lead to the cancer.
4.healthy lifestyle and proper balanced diet are always important in the prevention of any cancer.
Thursday, September 27, 2007
A Simple Guide to Stomach Cancer
A Simple Guide to Stomach Cancer
----------------
What is Stomach Cancer?
-----------------
Stomach cancer (also called “gastric cancer”) is the growth of abnormal cells in the lining and wall of the stomach which mutates and proliferates giving rise to the stomach cancer .
Stomach Cancer can spread to the surrounding organs like liver,pancreas and colon.
Once in the blood stream it can spread to the brain, bones and kidneys.
Who is at risk of getting Stomach Cancer?
-------------------------------------------------
1. Chronic Helicobacter pylori bacteria infection. This bacteria is found in the stomach and has been found to cause gastric ulcers and stomach cancer.
2. family history of stomach cancer
3. frequent consumption of preserved or smoked food such as salted vegetables,fish,meat. Cancer causing nitrosamines are released when these food are cooked.
4.previous stomach surgery with partial removal of stomach (gastric ulcers or polyps)
5. Pernicious anaemia- a rare blood disorder affecting the red blood cells
6. Smoking
7. Men are affected more than women
8. Age above 50 years of age
9.People with blood group A has a higher incidence
What are the symptoms of Stomach Cancer?
----------------------------------------------------
In the early stages, stomach cancer may have no symptoms.
As it spread it can cause the following symptoms:
1.Indigestion, stomach discomfort or heartburn
2.A fullness feeling or bloating after eating a small meal
3. loss of appetite
4.Nausea or belching
5. Feeling tired
When the cancer is larger, it can cause the following symptoms:
1.Stomach pain
2.Vomiting
3.Blood in your stool or black tarry stools
4.Unexplained weight loss
5.pallour due to anaemia from loss of blood
Many of these symptoms can be caused by other conditions besides cancer.
So the earlier stomach cancer is found, the better are the chances of it being cured.
How do you diagnose Stomach Cancer?
----------------------------------------------
1.medical history and complete physical exam.
2.Abdominal X-ray for any other condition in the abdomen causing pain or swelling in the abdomen
3.Gastroscopy:
a thin, lighted tube is put into your mouth and passed down to your stomach.
4.Biopsy:
During gastrocopy, a small piece of your suspicious stomach tissue is taken to check for cancer cells. This is called a biopsy sample which is then examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
How is stomach cancer treated?
-------------------------------------
Treatment for stomach cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The choice of treatment depends on whether the cancer is just in the stomach or if it has spread to other places in the body. A person’s age and overall health will also affect the choice of treatment.
Surgery
Surgery is still the best form of treatment for stomach cancer.
For smaller cancers -partial removal of the stomach is done.
In early stages cure rate is about 90%.
For later stages of cancer, the whole stomach including the spleen and surrounding tissues may be removed.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is used in conjunction with surgery in later stges of cancer.
Radiotherapy:
Radiation can help to kill the cancer cells surrounding the stomach cancer as well as to relieve pain.
Can I prevent stomach cancer?
------------------------------------
There is no way to prevent stomach cancer.
However, you can help reduce your risk of getting stomach cancer by:
Living a healthy lifestyle
Not drinking a lot of alcohol or smoking.
Avoid preserved food
Treat H.pyrori infections of the stomach early.
Eat a diet high in fresh fruits and vegetables, and vitamin C.
Vitamin C is found in foods such as oranges, grapefruit and broccoli.
AS IN ALL CANCERS, EARLY DETECTION IS THE BEST CURE!!
----------------
What is Stomach Cancer?
-----------------
Stomach cancer (also called “gastric cancer”) is the growth of abnormal cells in the lining and wall of the stomach which mutates and proliferates giving rise to the stomach cancer .
Stomach Cancer can spread to the surrounding organs like liver,pancreas and colon.
Once in the blood stream it can spread to the brain, bones and kidneys.
Who is at risk of getting Stomach Cancer?
-------------------------------------------------
1. Chronic Helicobacter pylori bacteria infection. This bacteria is found in the stomach and has been found to cause gastric ulcers and stomach cancer.
2. family history of stomach cancer
3. frequent consumption of preserved or smoked food such as salted vegetables,fish,meat. Cancer causing nitrosamines are released when these food are cooked.
4.previous stomach surgery with partial removal of stomach (gastric ulcers or polyps)
5. Pernicious anaemia- a rare blood disorder affecting the red blood cells
6. Smoking
7. Men are affected more than women
8. Age above 50 years of age
9.People with blood group A has a higher incidence
What are the symptoms of Stomach Cancer?
----------------------------------------------------
In the early stages, stomach cancer may have no symptoms.
As it spread it can cause the following symptoms:
1.Indigestion, stomach discomfort or heartburn
2.A fullness feeling or bloating after eating a small meal
3. loss of appetite
4.Nausea or belching
5. Feeling tired
When the cancer is larger, it can cause the following symptoms:
1.Stomach pain
2.Vomiting
3.Blood in your stool or black tarry stools
4.Unexplained weight loss
5.pallour due to anaemia from loss of blood
Many of these symptoms can be caused by other conditions besides cancer.
So the earlier stomach cancer is found, the better are the chances of it being cured.
How do you diagnose Stomach Cancer?
----------------------------------------------
1.medical history and complete physical exam.
2.Abdominal X-ray for any other condition in the abdomen causing pain or swelling in the abdomen
3.Gastroscopy:
a thin, lighted tube is put into your mouth and passed down to your stomach.
4.Biopsy:
During gastrocopy, a small piece of your suspicious stomach tissue is taken to check for cancer cells. This is called a biopsy sample which is then examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
How is stomach cancer treated?
-------------------------------------
Treatment for stomach cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The choice of treatment depends on whether the cancer is just in the stomach or if it has spread to other places in the body. A person’s age and overall health will also affect the choice of treatment.
Surgery
Surgery is still the best form of treatment for stomach cancer.
For smaller cancers -partial removal of the stomach is done.
In early stages cure rate is about 90%.
For later stages of cancer, the whole stomach including the spleen and surrounding tissues may be removed.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is used in conjunction with surgery in later stges of cancer.
Radiotherapy:
Radiation can help to kill the cancer cells surrounding the stomach cancer as well as to relieve pain.
Can I prevent stomach cancer?
------------------------------------
There is no way to prevent stomach cancer.
However, you can help reduce your risk of getting stomach cancer by:
Living a healthy lifestyle
Not drinking a lot of alcohol or smoking.
Avoid preserved food
Treat H.pyrori infections of the stomach early.
Eat a diet high in fresh fruits and vegetables, and vitamin C.
Vitamin C is found in foods such as oranges, grapefruit and broccoli.
AS IN ALL CANCERS, EARLY DETECTION IS THE BEST CURE!!
Wednesday, September 26, 2007
A Simple Guide to Liver Cancer
A Simple Guide to Liver Cancer
----------------
What is Liver Cancer?
---------------
Liver Cancer develops when the liver cells undergo abnormal changes to form cancer cells.
Most Primary cancer of the liver begins as mutated hepatocytes(liver cells).
Secondary cancer of the liver is due to spread from the stomach, colon, breast, lungs, ovaries etc
What is the incidence of Liver Cancer?
----------------------------------------------
Liver cancer is one of the most common cancer.
It occurs in men more than women.
It is more common in the 40s and 50s age groups.
What are the Risk Factors of Liver Cancer?
--------------------------------------------------
The main risk factor for liver cancer is
1.Hepatitis B infection.
Other important risk factors include
2.Hepatitis C infection
3.alcoholic liver disease (disease of the liver caused by heavy alcohol consumption).
4.family history of liver cancer
5.Chemicals exposures such as nitrites,solvents, hydrocarbons,viny chloride
6.poisons (e.g. aflatoxin present in some spoilt or mouldy peanuts).
7.inherited liver diseases (alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency)
8.Drug abuse eg heroin
What are the Signs and Symptoms of Liver Cancer?
------------------------------------------------------------
During the early stages, most people with liver cancer do not show any signs or symptoms.
Signs and symptoms, when they do appear, include:
1.loss of appetite and weight
2.discomfort or swelling in the upper part of the abdomen on the right side
3.weakness and fatigue
4.nausea and vomiting
5.jaundice - yellowness of the skin and eyes
6.dark color urine
7.Persistent or swinging fever
How is the Diagnosis of Liver Cancer confirmed?
--------------------------------------------------------
1. full medical history especially history of Hepatitis B and alcohol
2. full examination especially of the liver
3.an ultrasound scan of the liver and gallbladder, if possible the whole abdomen.
4.CT scan or MRI of the liver and surrounding tissues
5.blood tests (a protein present in blood called the alpha- fetoprotein or AFP may be found to be raised in liver cancer)
6.needle liver biopsy into the liver swelling as detected by ultrasound or MRI (to confirm the liver cancer).
With the diagnosis confirmed, the doctor will proceed with further tests to find out how advanced the liver cancer is. This will help the doctor to plan the treatment.
What is the Treatment of Liver Cancer?
---------------------------------------------
As in all cancers, treatment includes surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy.
In Liver cancer percutaneous ethanol (alcohol) injection is injected directly into the tumour, by means of a small needle, to kill the cancerous cells.
Liver transplant can also be carried out in selected cases where the size of the cancer is not too massive but surgery is not feasible due to the patient's limited liver reserve(provided a suitable liver donor can be found).
Treatment depends on the the stage of the cancer as well as health of the affected person.
The goal of treatment is complete cure.
However, where this is not possible, treatment is aimed at
preventing the tumour from spreading or growing.
Helping to eliminate uncomfortable symptoms is also an important aspect of liver cancer treatment.
How to Protect yourself from Liver Cancer?
---------------------------------------------------
Prevention from getting liver cancer is by taking steps to reduce your risk factors.
1. Reduce your risk of Hepatitis B by getting vaccinated. The Hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective.
Both Hepatitis B and C are spread through infected blood or sexual fluids as well as intravenous drug abuse. It is therefore important to avoid activities that put you at risk:
2.Avoid multiple sex partners and having sex with commercial sex workers, strangers or anyone with multiple sex partners.
3.Do not abuse drugs or share injection needles.
4.Never share personal items like razors, toothbrushes or other items that may cause breaks in the skin.
5.Visit only reliable operators for ear/body piercing, tattooing or acupuncture.
6.It is also important that you limit your consumption of alcohol as excessive drinking can give rise to liver disease and increase your risk of liver cancer.
The liver is one of the largest and most important organs in your body. It performs many essential functions including:
making and storing of essential nutrients
making important hormones and enzymes
breaking down harmful substances.
Do not abuse Your LIVER by excessive drinking or taking drugs!
----------------
What is Liver Cancer?
---------------
Liver Cancer develops when the liver cells undergo abnormal changes to form cancer cells.
Most Primary cancer of the liver begins as mutated hepatocytes(liver cells).
Secondary cancer of the liver is due to spread from the stomach, colon, breast, lungs, ovaries etc
What is the incidence of Liver Cancer?
----------------------------------------------
Liver cancer is one of the most common cancer.
It occurs in men more than women.
It is more common in the 40s and 50s age groups.
What are the Risk Factors of Liver Cancer?
--------------------------------------------------
The main risk factor for liver cancer is
1.Hepatitis B infection.
Other important risk factors include
2.Hepatitis C infection
3.alcoholic liver disease (disease of the liver caused by heavy alcohol consumption).
4.family history of liver cancer
5.Chemicals exposures such as nitrites,solvents, hydrocarbons,viny chloride
6.poisons (e.g. aflatoxin present in some spoilt or mouldy peanuts).
7.inherited liver diseases (alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency)
8.Drug abuse eg heroin
What are the Signs and Symptoms of Liver Cancer?
------------------------------------------------------------
During the early stages, most people with liver cancer do not show any signs or symptoms.
Signs and symptoms, when they do appear, include:
1.loss of appetite and weight
2.discomfort or swelling in the upper part of the abdomen on the right side
3.weakness and fatigue
4.nausea and vomiting
5.jaundice - yellowness of the skin and eyes
6.dark color urine
7.Persistent or swinging fever
How is the Diagnosis of Liver Cancer confirmed?
--------------------------------------------------------
1. full medical history especially history of Hepatitis B and alcohol
2. full examination especially of the liver
3.an ultrasound scan of the liver and gallbladder, if possible the whole abdomen.
4.CT scan or MRI of the liver and surrounding tissues
5.blood tests (a protein present in blood called the alpha- fetoprotein or AFP may be found to be raised in liver cancer)
6.needle liver biopsy into the liver swelling as detected by ultrasound or MRI (to confirm the liver cancer).
With the diagnosis confirmed, the doctor will proceed with further tests to find out how advanced the liver cancer is. This will help the doctor to plan the treatment.
What is the Treatment of Liver Cancer?
---------------------------------------------
As in all cancers, treatment includes surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy.
In Liver cancer percutaneous ethanol (alcohol) injection is injected directly into the tumour, by means of a small needle, to kill the cancerous cells.
Liver transplant can also be carried out in selected cases where the size of the cancer is not too massive but surgery is not feasible due to the patient's limited liver reserve(provided a suitable liver donor can be found).
Treatment depends on the the stage of the cancer as well as health of the affected person.
The goal of treatment is complete cure.
However, where this is not possible, treatment is aimed at
preventing the tumour from spreading or growing.
Helping to eliminate uncomfortable symptoms is also an important aspect of liver cancer treatment.
How to Protect yourself from Liver Cancer?
---------------------------------------------------
Prevention from getting liver cancer is by taking steps to reduce your risk factors.
1. Reduce your risk of Hepatitis B by getting vaccinated. The Hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective.
Both Hepatitis B and C are spread through infected blood or sexual fluids as well as intravenous drug abuse. It is therefore important to avoid activities that put you at risk:
2.Avoid multiple sex partners and having sex with commercial sex workers, strangers or anyone with multiple sex partners.
3.Do not abuse drugs or share injection needles.
4.Never share personal items like razors, toothbrushes or other items that may cause breaks in the skin.
5.Visit only reliable operators for ear/body piercing, tattooing or acupuncture.
6.It is also important that you limit your consumption of alcohol as excessive drinking can give rise to liver disease and increase your risk of liver cancer.
The liver is one of the largest and most important organs in your body. It performs many essential functions including:
making and storing of essential nutrients
making important hormones and enzymes
breaking down harmful substances.
Do not abuse Your LIVER by excessive drinking or taking drugs!
Tuesday, September 25, 2007
A Simple Guide to Bladder Cancer
A Simple Guide to Bladder Cancer
-----------------
What is Bladder Cancer?
-----------------
Bladder cancer is a growth of abnormal cells forming a malignant tumour in the bladder. Most bladder cancers start in the inner lining of the bladder.
What are the different types of Bladder Cancer?
-----------------------------------------------
There are 2 main types of Bladder Cancer:
1.superficial cancer
the cancer is contained on the inner lining of the bladder.
They may occur as a small, wart-like growths on the inside of the bladder, which can be removed in a simple operation and usually will never recur.
2.invasive cancer
where the cancer has spread into the muscle wall of the bladder.
Examples are:
a.large growth in the muscle wall of the bladder, which requires major surgery to remove.
b.mushroom-like growths( papillary cancers)on the inside lining of the bladder. They have a short stem attached to the lining of the bladder and can spread into the wall of the bladder.
Treatment is different for these two types of bladder cancer.
What are the causes of Bladder Cancer?
-----------------------------------------------
There are a few factors which increase the risk of getting bladder cancer:
1.Smoking
chemicals in a cigarette have been found to contribute to bladder cancer. The more cigarettes smoked, the greater the risk.
2.Exposure to harmful, cancer-causing chemicals
Certain chemicals at the workplace, for example, those used in dye factories, rubber, gasworks, plastics and other chemical industries, can cause a higher risk of contracting bladder cancer in workers.
It can take about 25 years after exposure to these chemicals before bladder cancer develops.These chemicals may have been banned in some countries.
3.Frequent bouts of cystitis
Cystitis caused by repeated bacterial infections and bladder stones can lead to the development of bladder cancer.
4.Age and Gender
Bladder cancer occurs mostly among people aged between 50 - 70 years.
It is twice as common in men as in women.
It is rare in people below age 40.
What are the symptoms of Bladder Cancer?
---------------------------------------------------
The most common symptom is
1.blood in the urine which usually occurs suddenly and is generally not painful.
The blood may not be present constantly but eventually it does recur.
In some cases, blood clots can form and these may cause painful muscle spasms in the bladder. The amount of blood present is however not related to the extent of the cancer.
2. burning feeling when they pass urine.
3. frequency of urination.
While these are also symptoms of bladder irritation, further tests would be necessary if they persist and do not clear with antibiotics.
How can Bladder Cancer be treated?
------------------------------------------
The treatment for bladder cancer depends on the type of cancer, the stage and grade.
It also depends on the health of the patient.
Superficial cancers:
Superficial cancers, which can be single or multiple, are usually removed using a cystoscope. Anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapy or immunotherapy) may be instilled into the bladder to try to prevent the cancer recurring.
Invasive cancers
the options are as follows:
Surgery
The most common treatment method is surgery to remove a part of the bladder.
A new bladder is sometimes constructed if it has to be removed.
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy may be used instead of surgery to avoid removal of the bladder. Radiotherapy may also be used before surgery in cases of large tumours to facilitate the tumour removal or if there is a high risk of cancer cells left behind after surgery.
Chemotherapy
In some cases, chemotherapy is given before surgery or radiotherapy to shrink the tumour so that it can be treated more effectively. Chemotherapy is also applied after surgery to reduce the recurrence of the tumour.The drug can be instilled into the bladder to maximise contact with the cancer cells.
Once the cancer has spread outside the bladder, the main treatment is chemotherapy.
Removal of bladder
------------------------
In a small proportion of people with bladder cancer, the bladder may completely removed.
The surgeon will then give the patients an urostomy - an artificial opening from the urinary tract.The opening is usually formed on the abdomen, to the right of the navel. Wrinkles, scars and prominent underlying bones must be avoided, as placing the opening near them may cause problems with leakage later on.
Ensure that the bag is emptied and changed as often as necessary.
At first the opening will be slightly swollen.
It may take several weeks for it to reduce to its normal size.
There may also be mucus (a thick white substance) from the opening. The amount of mucus will gradually reduce over time but will never disappear completely.
Most people with an urostomy live a normal life. Many return to their jobs and take up their favourite pastimes again, including swimming.
Now with advancement of plastic surgery a new bladder can be constructed easily and the days of urostomy may be over.
Saturday, September 22, 2007
A Simple Guide to Lung Cancer
A Simple Guide to Lung Cancer
---------------------------
What is Lung Cancer?
--------------------------
Lung Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs.
The cells lining air passages grow and divide until an abnormal mass or tumour is formed. The cells then grow and spread to the rest of the body.
What are the types of Lung Cancer?
------------------------------------------
There are 2 main types of Lung Cancer:
1. small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has the most aggressive clinical course of any type of pulmonary tumor, with poor survival rate from diagnosis of only 2 to 4 months.
2. non-small cell lung cancer:
a.Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales.
b.Large cell carcinoma: Cancer that may begin in several types of large cells.
c.Adenocarcinoma: Cancer that begins in the cells that line the alveoli and make substances such as mucus.
d.Other less common types of non-small cell lung cancer are: pleomorphic, carcinoid tumor, salivary gland carcinoma, and unclassified carcinoma.
These types are diagnosed based on how the cells look under a microscope.
The Non-small cell Lung cancer may take up to 10-30 years to develop. Thus it is often seen in middle aged and elderly persons.
Once developed Lung cancers tend to spread quickly because the lungs are richly supplied by blood and lymph vessels.
In the travel through the lymph vessels, it can cause enlarged lymph nodes.
If it enter the blood , the cancer cells can spread to the liver, bone, brain or other parts of the body.
What are the causes of Lung Cancer?
-------------------------------------------
1.Cigarette smoking is the main cause of lung cancer.
2. Cigar and pipe smoking is also a source of lung cancer though less than those who smoke cigarettes.
3. Passive smoking in a family where one member smokes has been to increase the risk of lung cancer by 35%
4. Industrial hazards such as chemicals and smoke emitted at work[place also increase the risk of lung cancer. Examples are asbestos, coal gas,chromates,uranium.
5.Being treated with radiation therapy to the breast or chest.
What are the symptoms of Lung Cancer?
------------------------------------------------
1.Persistent cough which does not improve
2. shortness of breath and wheezing dut to the pressure of the tumour on the airway
3.Production of blood stained sputum
4. chest pain especially together with a chronic cough
5.Sudden unexplained loss of weight
6. Loss of appetite
7. General weakness and tiredness
8.Recurrent chest infections and fever
9. hoarseness of voice
How do you diagnose Lung Cancer?
-----------------------------------------
1. History & Medical examination especially history of smoking and exposure to chemicals
2. Chest X-ray to check for lung shadows
3. Sputum cytology- sometimes the cancer cells may be detected in the sputum
4. Bronchoscopy- a bronchoscope is passed into bronchi to study the airway while the patient is under general anesthesia.
Suspicious growth can be taken for biopsy(examination under microscope for cancer cells)
5.CT Scan & MRI produce 3D mages of the lung
6.Ultrasound or another imaging procedure is used to locate the abnormal tissue or fluid in the lung.
7.Thoracoscopy: A surgical procedure to look at the organs inside the chest to check for abnormal areas. An incision is made between two ribs, and a thoracoscope is inserted into the chest. Tissue samples and lymph nodes may be removed for biopsy. This procedure may be used to remove parts of the esophagus or lung. If certain tissues, organs, or lymph nodes can’t be reached, a thoracotomy may be done. In this procedure, a larger incision is made between the ribs and the chest is opened.
What is the Treatment of Lung Cancer?
----------------------------------------------
As usual the treatment consists of Surgery, Radiotherapy and chemotherapy.The choice of treatment depends on the size, extent of cancer , the type of lung cancer and the general health of the patient.
Surgery:
Part or whole of the lung can be removed in the treatment of lung cancer.
After surgery the patient may required assisted ventilation for a short period.
Physical activity may be limited for a while.
If the remaining lung is in good condition, the patient may be able to live a normal life.
Chemotherapy:
Certain type of lung cancer( small cell) are sensitive to chemotherapy. It is used in combination with surgery and radiotherapy.
Radiotherapy:
Radiation may be used in conjunction with surgery or to relieve pressure symptoms or pain caused by the lung cancer.
What is the prognosis of Lung Cancer?
---------------------------------------------
The prognosis (chance of recovery) depend on the following:
The stage of the cancer (the size of the tumor and whether it is in the lung only or has spread to other places in the body).
The type of lung cancer.
Whether there are symptoms such as coughing or trouble breathing.
The patient’s general health.
For most patients with non-small cell lung cancer, current treatments do not cure the cancer.
Small cell lung cancer has a greater tendency to be widely disseminated by the time of diagnosis but is much more responsive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Because patients with small cell lung cancer tend to develop distant metastases, localized forms of treatment, such as surgical resection or radiation therapy, rarely produce long-term survival. With use ofchemotherapy regimens in the treatment program, however, survival is much prolonged.
Added 4th October 2008
---------------------------------
Lung Cancer
------------------
1. Lung cancer is still the biggest cancer killer in the world.
2. Every 30 seconds someone dies of lung cancer
3. About 40% of smokers who continues smoking from their early teens risk early death from lung cancer
4. 1 in 10 people with lung cancer lives for more than 5 years after diagnosis
5. Women smokers are twice as likely to get lung cancer than male smokers.
---------------------------
What is Lung Cancer?
--------------------------
Lung Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs.
The cells lining air passages grow and divide until an abnormal mass or tumour is formed. The cells then grow and spread to the rest of the body.
What are the types of Lung Cancer?
------------------------------------------
There are 2 main types of Lung Cancer:
1. small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has the most aggressive clinical course of any type of pulmonary tumor, with poor survival rate from diagnosis of only 2 to 4 months.
2. non-small cell lung cancer:
a.Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales.
b.Large cell carcinoma: Cancer that may begin in several types of large cells.
c.Adenocarcinoma: Cancer that begins in the cells that line the alveoli and make substances such as mucus.
d.Other less common types of non-small cell lung cancer are: pleomorphic, carcinoid tumor, salivary gland carcinoma, and unclassified carcinoma.
These types are diagnosed based on how the cells look under a microscope.
The Non-small cell Lung cancer may take up to 10-30 years to develop. Thus it is often seen in middle aged and elderly persons.
Once developed Lung cancers tend to spread quickly because the lungs are richly supplied by blood and lymph vessels.
In the travel through the lymph vessels, it can cause enlarged lymph nodes.
If it enter the blood , the cancer cells can spread to the liver, bone, brain or other parts of the body.
What are the causes of Lung Cancer?
-------------------------------------------
1.Cigarette smoking is the main cause of lung cancer.
2. Cigar and pipe smoking is also a source of lung cancer though less than those who smoke cigarettes.
3. Passive smoking in a family where one member smokes has been to increase the risk of lung cancer by 35%
4. Industrial hazards such as chemicals and smoke emitted at work[place also increase the risk of lung cancer. Examples are asbestos, coal gas,chromates,uranium.
5.Being treated with radiation therapy to the breast or chest.
What are the symptoms of Lung Cancer?
------------------------------------------------
1.Persistent cough which does not improve
2. shortness of breath and wheezing dut to the pressure of the tumour on the airway
3.Production of blood stained sputum
4. chest pain especially together with a chronic cough
5.Sudden unexplained loss of weight
6. Loss of appetite
7. General weakness and tiredness
8.Recurrent chest infections and fever
9. hoarseness of voice
How do you diagnose Lung Cancer?
-----------------------------------------
1. History & Medical examination especially history of smoking and exposure to chemicals
2. Chest X-ray to check for lung shadows
3. Sputum cytology- sometimes the cancer cells may be detected in the sputum
4. Bronchoscopy- a bronchoscope is passed into bronchi to study the airway while the patient is under general anesthesia.
Suspicious growth can be taken for biopsy(examination under microscope for cancer cells)
5.CT Scan & MRI produce 3D mages of the lung
6.Ultrasound or another imaging procedure is used to locate the abnormal tissue or fluid in the lung.
7.Thoracoscopy: A surgical procedure to look at the organs inside the chest to check for abnormal areas. An incision is made between two ribs, and a thoracoscope is inserted into the chest. Tissue samples and lymph nodes may be removed for biopsy. This procedure may be used to remove parts of the esophagus or lung. If certain tissues, organs, or lymph nodes can’t be reached, a thoracotomy may be done. In this procedure, a larger incision is made between the ribs and the chest is opened.
What is the Treatment of Lung Cancer?
----------------------------------------------
As usual the treatment consists of Surgery, Radiotherapy and chemotherapy.The choice of treatment depends on the size, extent of cancer , the type of lung cancer and the general health of the patient.
Surgery:
Part or whole of the lung can be removed in the treatment of lung cancer.
After surgery the patient may required assisted ventilation for a short period.
Physical activity may be limited for a while.
If the remaining lung is in good condition, the patient may be able to live a normal life.
Chemotherapy:
Certain type of lung cancer( small cell) are sensitive to chemotherapy. It is used in combination with surgery and radiotherapy.
Radiotherapy:
Radiation may be used in conjunction with surgery or to relieve pressure symptoms or pain caused by the lung cancer.
What is the prognosis of Lung Cancer?
---------------------------------------------
The prognosis (chance of recovery) depend on the following:
The stage of the cancer (the size of the tumor and whether it is in the lung only or has spread to other places in the body).
The type of lung cancer.
Whether there are symptoms such as coughing or trouble breathing.
The patient’s general health.
For most patients with non-small cell lung cancer, current treatments do not cure the cancer.
Small cell lung cancer has a greater tendency to be widely disseminated by the time of diagnosis but is much more responsive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Because patients with small cell lung cancer tend to develop distant metastases, localized forms of treatment, such as surgical resection or radiation therapy, rarely produce long-term survival. With use ofchemotherapy regimens in the treatment program, however, survival is much prolonged.
Added 4th October 2008
---------------------------------
Lung Cancer
------------------
1. Lung cancer is still the biggest cancer killer in the world.
2. Every 30 seconds someone dies of lung cancer
3. About 40% of smokers who continues smoking from their early teens risk early death from lung cancer
4. 1 in 10 people with lung cancer lives for more than 5 years after diagnosis
5. Women smokers are twice as likely to get lung cancer than male smokers.
Thursday, August 30, 2007
A Simple Guide to Eczema
A Simple Guide to Eczema
-------------------------------
What is Eczema?
--------------------
Eczema is a general term meaning inflammation of the skin with signs of redness, itch and swelling.
One of the most common forms of eczema is atopic eczema which affects 10-20% of the world population. It occurs at some point during childhood.
Fortunately, many children with eczema find that the disease clears and often disappears with age.
What causes Eczema?
--------------------------
There is no known cause for the disease.
It often affects people with a family history of allergies.
Many people who have eczema also suffer from allergic rhinitis and asthma, or have family members who do.
Those who are genetically predisposed may deverlop eczema when exposed to environmental and food triggers:
milk,egg white,nuts, shellfish
dust, chemicals,detergents,flowers,pollens,dyes in clothes,cosmetics
Who gets eczema?
----------------------
Eczema occurs in both children and adults, but usually appears during infancy.
Is Eczema contagious?
---------------------------
Eczema is not contagious and, like many diseases, currently cannot be cured.
For most patients the condition may be managed well with treatment and avoidance of triggers.
How common is eczema?
------------------------------
The condition is quite common.
About10-20% of all infants have eczema.
In nearly half of these children, the disease will improve greatly by the time they are between five and 15 years of age.
Others will have some form of the disease throughout their lives.
Where does Eczema appear?
-----------------------------------
Eczema can occur on just about any part of the body.
In infants, eczema typically occurs on the forehead, cheeks, forearms, legs, scalp, and neck.
In children and adults, eczema typically occurs on the face, neck, and the insides of the elbows, knees, and ankles.
In some people, eczema may form bubbles which breaks and ooze.
In others, the condition may appear more scaly, dry, and red.
Chronic scratching causes the skin to take on a leathery texture because the skin thickens (lichenification).
What are the symptoms and signs of eczema?
-----------------------------------------------------
Typically there are dry, red, extremely itchy patches on the skin.
Eczema is sometimes referred to as "the itch that rashes," since the itch, when scratched, results in the appearance of the rash.
What makes patients with eczema itch?
-----------------------------------------------
The triggers that causes a flare up of the eczema causes irritation to the skin.
When the skin becomes irritated, histamines are released into the skin causing the redness and itchiness.
For some, rough or coarse materials coming into contact with the skin causes itchiness. For others, feeling too hot and sweating will cause an outbreak.
Other people find that certain soaps, detergents, disinfectants, contact with juices from fresh fruits and meats, dust mites, and animal furs may trigger itching.
Upper respiratory infections (caused by viruses) may also be triggers.
Stress can also sometimes aggravate an existing flare-up,a condition called neurodematitis.
How can eczema be prevented?
-------------------------------------
Eczema outbreaks can usually be prevented with some simple precautions:
1.Moisturize frequently
2.Avoid sudden changes in temperature or humidity
3.Avoid sweating or overheating
4.Avoid scratchy materials (e.g., wool or other irritants)
5.Avoid harsh soaps, detergents, and solvents
6.Avoid environmental factors that trigger allergies (e.g., pollens, molds, mites, and animal furs)
7.Be aware of any foods that may trigger an attack and avoid those foods
8.Reduce stress
How can eczema be treated?
----------------------------------
The most important part of an eczema treatment routine is to avoid scratching because that will irritate the skin even more.
The most common treatment is the application of lotions or creams to keep the skin as moist as possible. These treatments are generally most effective when applied directly after bathing so that the moisture from the bath is remains in the skin.
Cold compresses applied directly to itchy skin can also help relieve itching.
Another effective treatment is the application of corticosteroid creams and ointments to reduce inflammation.To prevent side effects such as skin thinning, your doctor may limit the length of treatment time and locations where you can apply treatment.
For severe eczema, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, but be aware that side effects including new flare-ups can develop when treatment is discontinued (this treatment is not recommended for long-term use).
Skin affected by eczema may frequently become infected. A course of topical or oral antibiotics may be prescribed to kill the bacteria causing the infection.
For severe itching, sedative and non-sedative antihistamines are sometimes used to reduce the itch.
For day time activities as well as driving, non sedative antihistamine should be used.
Because drowsiness is a common side effect, sedative antihistamines are often used in the evening to help a person restless from eczema get to sleep.
Tar treatments and phototherapy are also used and can have positive effects. Phototherapy requires special equipment (lights).
Finally, in cases where eczema is resistant to therapy, your physician may prescribe the drug cyclosporine A, which modifies immune response.
This is used only in extreme cases because of its association with serious side effects.
What can be done for children with eczema?
----------------------------------------------------
Children are special because it is difficult for them to resist scratching their eczema.
For mild to moderate cases, the application of moisturizer on a regular basis can be very helpful. And, in most cases, the eczema will disappear as the child ages.
In the meantime, avoid as many eczema triggers as possible.
Keep your child’s skin moist. After bathing, apply moisturizer to retain the moisture in the skin.
Avoid sudden temperature changes.
Keep your child’s bedroom and play areas free of dust mites.
Use mild soaps – both on your child’s skin and on your child’s clothing.
Dress your child in breathable, preferably cotton, clothing.
-------------------------------
What is Eczema?
--------------------
Eczema is a general term meaning inflammation of the skin with signs of redness, itch and swelling.
One of the most common forms of eczema is atopic eczema which affects 10-20% of the world population. It occurs at some point during childhood.
Fortunately, many children with eczema find that the disease clears and often disappears with age.
What causes Eczema?
--------------------------
There is no known cause for the disease.
It often affects people with a family history of allergies.
Many people who have eczema also suffer from allergic rhinitis and asthma, or have family members who do.
Those who are genetically predisposed may deverlop eczema when exposed to environmental and food triggers:
milk,egg white,nuts, shellfish
dust, chemicals,detergents,flowers,pollens,dyes in clothes,cosmetics
Who gets eczema?
----------------------
Eczema occurs in both children and adults, but usually appears during infancy.
Is Eczema contagious?
---------------------------
Eczema is not contagious and, like many diseases, currently cannot be cured.
For most patients the condition may be managed well with treatment and avoidance of triggers.
How common is eczema?
------------------------------
The condition is quite common.
About10-20% of all infants have eczema.
In nearly half of these children, the disease will improve greatly by the time they are between five and 15 years of age.
Others will have some form of the disease throughout their lives.
Where does Eczema appear?
-----------------------------------
Eczema can occur on just about any part of the body.
In infants, eczema typically occurs on the forehead, cheeks, forearms, legs, scalp, and neck.
In children and adults, eczema typically occurs on the face, neck, and the insides of the elbows, knees, and ankles.
In some people, eczema may form bubbles which breaks and ooze.
In others, the condition may appear more scaly, dry, and red.
Chronic scratching causes the skin to take on a leathery texture because the skin thickens (lichenification).
What are the symptoms and signs of eczema?
-----------------------------------------------------
Typically there are dry, red, extremely itchy patches on the skin.
Eczema is sometimes referred to as "the itch that rashes," since the itch, when scratched, results in the appearance of the rash.
What makes patients with eczema itch?
-----------------------------------------------
The triggers that causes a flare up of the eczema causes irritation to the skin.
When the skin becomes irritated, histamines are released into the skin causing the redness and itchiness.
For some, rough or coarse materials coming into contact with the skin causes itchiness. For others, feeling too hot and sweating will cause an outbreak.
Other people find that certain soaps, detergents, disinfectants, contact with juices from fresh fruits and meats, dust mites, and animal furs may trigger itching.
Upper respiratory infections (caused by viruses) may also be triggers.
Stress can also sometimes aggravate an existing flare-up,a condition called neurodematitis.
How can eczema be prevented?
-------------------------------------
Eczema outbreaks can usually be prevented with some simple precautions:
1.Moisturize frequently
2.Avoid sudden changes in temperature or humidity
3.Avoid sweating or overheating
4.Avoid scratchy materials (e.g., wool or other irritants)
5.Avoid harsh soaps, detergents, and solvents
6.Avoid environmental factors that trigger allergies (e.g., pollens, molds, mites, and animal furs)
7.Be aware of any foods that may trigger an attack and avoid those foods
8.Reduce stress
How can eczema be treated?
----------------------------------
The most important part of an eczema treatment routine is to avoid scratching because that will irritate the skin even more.
The most common treatment is the application of lotions or creams to keep the skin as moist as possible. These treatments are generally most effective when applied directly after bathing so that the moisture from the bath is remains in the skin.
Cold compresses applied directly to itchy skin can also help relieve itching.
Another effective treatment is the application of corticosteroid creams and ointments to reduce inflammation.To prevent side effects such as skin thinning, your doctor may limit the length of treatment time and locations where you can apply treatment.
For severe eczema, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, but be aware that side effects including new flare-ups can develop when treatment is discontinued (this treatment is not recommended for long-term use).
Skin affected by eczema may frequently become infected. A course of topical or oral antibiotics may be prescribed to kill the bacteria causing the infection.
For severe itching, sedative and non-sedative antihistamines are sometimes used to reduce the itch.
For day time activities as well as driving, non sedative antihistamine should be used.
Because drowsiness is a common side effect, sedative antihistamines are often used in the evening to help a person restless from eczema get to sleep.
Tar treatments and phototherapy are also used and can have positive effects. Phototherapy requires special equipment (lights).
Finally, in cases where eczema is resistant to therapy, your physician may prescribe the drug cyclosporine A, which modifies immune response.
This is used only in extreme cases because of its association with serious side effects.
What can be done for children with eczema?
----------------------------------------------------
Children are special because it is difficult for them to resist scratching their eczema.
For mild to moderate cases, the application of moisturizer on a regular basis can be very helpful. And, in most cases, the eczema will disappear as the child ages.
In the meantime, avoid as many eczema triggers as possible.
Keep your child’s skin moist. After bathing, apply moisturizer to retain the moisture in the skin.
Avoid sudden temperature changes.
Keep your child’s bedroom and play areas free of dust mites.
Use mild soaps – both on your child’s skin and on your child’s clothing.
Dress your child in breathable, preferably cotton, clothing.
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