A Simple Guide to Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
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What is Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease?
-----------------------------------------------
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease usually occurring in children which causes ulcers in the mouth and maculopapular rashes(sometimes blisters) on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Because of the locations of the lesions, the illness is thus called Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease.
What causes Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease?
--------------------------------------------------
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease is caused by the Coxsackie virus and Enterovirus 71.
Of the 2 viruses the enterovirus is more dangerous with some fatalities in severe cases.
Fatalities are usually due to complications involving the heart and nervous system.
It is usually a mild illness with the rash healing in 5 to 7 days.
How is Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease spread?
----------------------------------------------------
HFMD is usually spread through the direct contact with the nasal discharge, saliva, faeces and fluid from the rash of an infected person.
Both adults and children can be affected.
Young children below five years are more prone to the infection.
What are the Symptoms of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease?
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The symptoms usually start after a prodromal peroid of 3 days with:
1.fever
2.sore throat
3.ulcers in the throat, mouth and tongue
4.rash with vesicles (small blisters-- 3-7 mm) on hands, feet and buttock area.
The rash are typically on the palm side of the hands, the sole side of the feet and very characteristic (maculopapular then vesicle) in appearance.
5.loss of appetite
6.headache and bodyaches in the older child or adult
What is the Treatment of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease?
-------------------------------------------------------------------
There is no specific cure for an viral infection other than symptomatic relief of symptoms.
Antibiotics is not effective and is not indicated.
Paracetamol can given to treat fever.
Drinking lots of water and fluids is important even though sometimes swallowing may be painful.
More fluid is required when a fever is present.
Rinsing of mouth with salt water may soothe the pain of mouth ulcers.
A soft or liquid diet should be given rather than solid food.
Avoid sour fruits or their juices which can cause pain to the mouth ulcers.
Rest and adequate sleep is also important in the child's recovery.
Parents should also be alert to any change in their child's normal behaviour, e.g. irritation and sleepiness.
Should they refuse to eat or drink, have persistent vomiting or drowsiness, parents should bring their child immediately to hospital.
What is the Prevention for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease?
--------------------------------------------------------------------
All infected children should be kept away from crowded public places (such as schools, preschools, play groups, markets and public transport).
All family members should follow good hygiene practices, including frequent hand washing, to limit the spread of the infection.
A Single Attack usually gives lifelong Immunity!
Showing posts with label mouth ulcers. Show all posts
Showing posts with label mouth ulcers. Show all posts
Monday, November 5, 2007
Saturday, September 15, 2007
A Simple Guide to Mouth Ulcers
A Simple Guide to Mouth Ulcers
--------------------------------------
What are Mouth Ulcers?
------------------------------
Mouth ulcers are painful open sores or lesions in the mouth. They may appear white or yellow surrouded by red inflamed tissue.
Mouth ulcers occur either singly or in clusters, causing a lot of discomfort or pain.
They usually heal within 7 to 10 days.
What are the Causes of Mouth Ulcers?
--------------------------------------
There are many disorders which can cause mouth ulcers:
1. canker sore (aphthous),
2.leukoplakia,
3.gingivostomatitis,
4.oral cancer,
5.oral lichen planus and
5.oral thrush.
The most common mouth ulcer is Aphthous ulcer.
It is an open sore in the mouth, which appears as a painful white or yellow ulcer surrounded by a bright red area.
Who gets Mouth Ulcers?
---------------------------
Mouth ulcers may occur at any age, but usually first appear between the ages of 10 -40.
Women are more prone than men.
The cause is unknown.
There may be an inherited tendency or an immune system link.
Mouth injury such as dental procedures or aggressive tooth cleaning may cause mouth ulcers.
They may occur at the site of a bite when the tongue or cheek is bitten.
They can also triggered by stress, dietary deficiencies (especially iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12), menstrual periods, hormonal changes, food allergies, and similar situations.
What are the types of Mouth Ulcers?
-------------------------------------------
There are different types of mouth ulcers.
1.A single mouth ulcer is usually caused by damage to the mouth, like biting the cheek, or damage to the gum with a toothbrush or a sharp tooth or filling. They usually go away once the source of the problem is treated.
2.A recurrent ulcer is one that comes and goes, sometimes every few weeks.
Minor ulcers are the most common.
They usually appear inside the cheeks, on the lips, tongue, and gums.
Most of these ulcers are small, round and can sometimes come in clusters(four to six) at any one time.
Large ulcers are more severe, have an irregular border, and can last for 5-10 weeks. They usually appear near the tonsils and can be very painful, especially when swallowing. You usually only get one at a time.
Very rarely,some patients have up to 100 very small painful ulcers (herpetiform type), which last for one to two weeks.
Mouth Ulcers are very common.
About 20% of the population have recurrent mouth ulcers at some time in their lives.
Often they begin in childhood or adolescence.
Most people grow out of them by their late twenties.
What are the Symptoms of Mouth Ulcers?
-------------------------------------------------
Mouth ulcers usually appear on the inner surface of the cheeks and lips, tongue, soft palate, and the base of the gums.
They may begin with a tingling or burning sensation, followed by a red spot or bump that ulcerates.
Pain spontaneously decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks.
Occasionally, a severe occurrence may be accompanied by fever or lethargy.
Recurrence is common and may continue for years.
Most mouth ulcers are not infectious.
What is theTreatment of Mouth Ulcers?
-----------------------------------------------
The exact treatment will depend on the cause of the ulcer.
Sometimes all that is required is to remove the cause of the ulcer, such as a sharp tooth.
The following measures may help to reduce pain from mouth ulcers:
1.keep your mouth clean at all times,
2.avoid foods that are spicy, acidic, salty or particularly hot or cold, which can make the symptoms worse,
3.eat a healthy diet that includes fresh fruit and vegetables,
4.gargle with warm salt water,
5.use a diluted chlorhexidine mouthwash once a day to help reduce the length of time the ulcers last
6.sprays and rinses are also available for pain relief.
Medical treatment:
The main treatment of the mouth ulcer is application of topical corticosteroids (Kenalog in orabase or Oracorte E), or other soothing preparations.
Dry the area first with a cotton wool bud and then use a wet finger or the back of a spoon to put the cream on the sore area. You can use it up to four times a day after meals.
However, it is most effective to use this cream late at night as it stays there for longer.
What are the Prevention measures in Mouth Ulcers?
-------------------------------------------------------------
Good oral hygiene may help in the prevention of some types of mouth ulcers or complications from mouth ulcers. This includes brushing the teeth at least twice per day, flossing at least daily, and going for regular dental checkup and cleaning.
Healthy life style to avoid getting run down by making sure you eat a balanced diet, take regular exercise and learn to manage stress.
--------------------------------------
What are Mouth Ulcers?
------------------------------
Mouth ulcers are painful open sores or lesions in the mouth. They may appear white or yellow surrouded by red inflamed tissue.
Mouth ulcers occur either singly or in clusters, causing a lot of discomfort or pain.
They usually heal within 7 to 10 days.
What are the Causes of Mouth Ulcers?
--------------------------------------
There are many disorders which can cause mouth ulcers:
1. canker sore (aphthous),
2.leukoplakia,
3.gingivostomatitis,
4.oral cancer,
5.oral lichen planus and
5.oral thrush.
The most common mouth ulcer is Aphthous ulcer.
It is an open sore in the mouth, which appears as a painful white or yellow ulcer surrounded by a bright red area.
Who gets Mouth Ulcers?
---------------------------
Mouth ulcers may occur at any age, but usually first appear between the ages of 10 -40.
Women are more prone than men.
The cause is unknown.
There may be an inherited tendency or an immune system link.
Mouth injury such as dental procedures or aggressive tooth cleaning may cause mouth ulcers.
They may occur at the site of a bite when the tongue or cheek is bitten.
They can also triggered by stress, dietary deficiencies (especially iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12), menstrual periods, hormonal changes, food allergies, and similar situations.
What are the types of Mouth Ulcers?
-------------------------------------------
There are different types of mouth ulcers.
1.A single mouth ulcer is usually caused by damage to the mouth, like biting the cheek, or damage to the gum with a toothbrush or a sharp tooth or filling. They usually go away once the source of the problem is treated.
2.A recurrent ulcer is one that comes and goes, sometimes every few weeks.
Minor ulcers are the most common.
They usually appear inside the cheeks, on the lips, tongue, and gums.
Most of these ulcers are small, round and can sometimes come in clusters(four to six) at any one time.
Large ulcers are more severe, have an irregular border, and can last for 5-10 weeks. They usually appear near the tonsils and can be very painful, especially when swallowing. You usually only get one at a time.
Very rarely,some patients have up to 100 very small painful ulcers (herpetiform type), which last for one to two weeks.
Mouth Ulcers are very common.
About 20% of the population have recurrent mouth ulcers at some time in their lives.
Often they begin in childhood or adolescence.
Most people grow out of them by their late twenties.
What are the Symptoms of Mouth Ulcers?
-------------------------------------------------
Mouth ulcers usually appear on the inner surface of the cheeks and lips, tongue, soft palate, and the base of the gums.
They may begin with a tingling or burning sensation, followed by a red spot or bump that ulcerates.
Pain spontaneously decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks.
Occasionally, a severe occurrence may be accompanied by fever or lethargy.
Recurrence is common and may continue for years.
Most mouth ulcers are not infectious.
What is theTreatment of Mouth Ulcers?
-----------------------------------------------
The exact treatment will depend on the cause of the ulcer.
Sometimes all that is required is to remove the cause of the ulcer, such as a sharp tooth.
The following measures may help to reduce pain from mouth ulcers:
1.keep your mouth clean at all times,
2.avoid foods that are spicy, acidic, salty or particularly hot or cold, which can make the symptoms worse,
3.eat a healthy diet that includes fresh fruit and vegetables,
4.gargle with warm salt water,
5.use a diluted chlorhexidine mouthwash once a day to help reduce the length of time the ulcers last
6.sprays and rinses are also available for pain relief.
Medical treatment:
The main treatment of the mouth ulcer is application of topical corticosteroids (Kenalog in orabase or Oracorte E), or other soothing preparations.
Dry the area first with a cotton wool bud and then use a wet finger or the back of a spoon to put the cream on the sore area. You can use it up to four times a day after meals.
However, it is most effective to use this cream late at night as it stays there for longer.
What are the Prevention measures in Mouth Ulcers?
-------------------------------------------------------------
Good oral hygiene may help in the prevention of some types of mouth ulcers or complications from mouth ulcers. This includes brushing the teeth at least twice per day, flossing at least daily, and going for regular dental checkup and cleaning.
Healthy life style to avoid getting run down by making sure you eat a balanced diet, take regular exercise and learn to manage stress.
Tuesday, August 14, 2007
A Simple Guide to Chickenpox
A Simple Guide to Chickenpox
-----------------
What is Chickenpox?
------------
Chickenpox is a mild illness common among children but can occur at any age.
A fever appears followed by an itchy rash of spots that look like blisters all over the body on the second or third day and may be accompanied by flu-like symptoms.
What causes Chickenpox?
-------------------------------
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus.
What are the Symptoms of Chickenpox?
-----------------------------------------------
Chickenpox usually starts with a mild fever of 37.7 - 38.8 Celsus with or without headache.
It is followed by a red, itchy rash on the skin that usually appears first on the abdomen or back and face, and then spreads to almost everywhere else on the body.
The rash begins as multiple small, red bumps and rapidly develop into thin-walled blisters filled with clear fluid, which becomes cloudy. The blister wall breaks, leaving open sores, which finally crust over to become dry, brown scabs.
Chickenpox blisters can also occur in the mouth causing pain and discomfort when eating.
Some children have abdominal pain, sore throat, headache,and in some cases a severe cough.
Younger children often have milder symptoms and fewer blisters than older children or adults.
When is Chickenpox contagious?
---------------------------------------
Chickenpox is contagious from about 2 days before the rash appears and lasts until all the blisters are crusted over.
A child with chickenpox should be kept out of school until all blisters have dried, usually about 10 days.
Chickenpox is very contagious — most kids with a sibling who's been infected will get it as well, showing symptoms about 2 weeks after the first child does.
To help keep the virus from spreading, make sure your children wash their hands frequently, particularly before eating and after using the bathroom.
And keep a child with chickenpox away from unvaccinated siblings as much as possible.
Pregnant women and anyone with immune system problems should not be near a person with chickenpox. If a pregnant woman who hasn't had chickenpox in the past contracts it (especially in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy), the fetus is at risk for birth defects. If she develops chickenpox just before or after the child is born, the newborn is at risk for serious health complications.
How to avoid getting Chickenpox?
----------------------------------------
Since May 2006, after FDA approval of the vaccine, Doctors recommend that kids receive the chickenpox vaccine when they are 12 to 15 months old and a booster shot at 4 to 6 years old. The vaccine is about 70% to 85% effective at preventing mild infection, and more than 95% effective in preventing moderate to severe forms of the infection.
Healthy children who have had chickenpox do not need the vaccine — they usually have lifelong protection against the illness.
How to treat Chickenpox?
-------------------------------
Treatment of Virus:A virus causes chickenpox, so the doctor won't prescribe antibiotics. However, antibiotics may be required if the sores become infected by bacteria.
The antiviral medicine acyclovir may be prescribed for people with chickenpox who are at risk for complications. The drug, which can make the infection less severe, must be given within the first 24 hours after the rash appears.
Treatment of Symptoms:You can help relieve the itchiness, fever, and discomfort of chickenpox by:
1.Using cool wet compresses or giving baths in cool or lukewarm water every 3 to 4 hours for the first few days.
2.Patting (not rubbing) the body dry.
3.Putting calamine lotion on itchy areas or acyclovir cream lightly over the rashes
4.Giving your child foods that are soft and bland because chickenpox in the mouth may make drinking or eating difficult.
5.Make the child drink lots of fluids
6. Anti itch medicine like antihistamine or pain relieving medicine like paracetamol may be given to relieve itch or pain.
7.As much as possible, discourage scratching. This can be difficult for the child, so consider putting mittens or socks on your child's hands to prevent scratching during sleep. In addition, trim fingernails and keep them clean to help lessen the effects of scratching, including broken blisters and infection.
What are the complications of Chickenpox?
---------------------------------------------------
Typically, chickenpox is a mild illness, but can affect some infants, teens, adults, and people with weak immune systems more severely.
Some people can develop serious bacterial infections involving the skin(especially in children with eczema), lungs(pneumonia) and the brain (encephalitis).
What is the outlook for Chickenpox?
-------------------------------------------
Most children recovered completely from chickenpox within 7-14 days of the onset of symptoms.
Adults may take a longer time to recover(10-21 days) and the symptoms are more severe.
Pox marks due to infections of the skin and deep scratching of blisters may remain and serve as a reminder of chickenpox.
A person usually has only one episode of chickenpox, but the virus can lie dormant within the body and cause a different type of skin eruption later in life called shingles (or herpes zoster).
-----------------
What is Chickenpox?
------------
Chickenpox is a mild illness common among children but can occur at any age.
A fever appears followed by an itchy rash of spots that look like blisters all over the body on the second or third day and may be accompanied by flu-like symptoms.
What causes Chickenpox?
-------------------------------
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus.
What are the Symptoms of Chickenpox?
-----------------------------------------------
Chickenpox usually starts with a mild fever of 37.7 - 38.8 Celsus with or without headache.
It is followed by a red, itchy rash on the skin that usually appears first on the abdomen or back and face, and then spreads to almost everywhere else on the body.
The rash begins as multiple small, red bumps and rapidly develop into thin-walled blisters filled with clear fluid, which becomes cloudy. The blister wall breaks, leaving open sores, which finally crust over to become dry, brown scabs.
Chickenpox blisters can also occur in the mouth causing pain and discomfort when eating.
Some children have abdominal pain, sore throat, headache,and in some cases a severe cough.
Younger children often have milder symptoms and fewer blisters than older children or adults.
When is Chickenpox contagious?
---------------------------------------
Chickenpox is contagious from about 2 days before the rash appears and lasts until all the blisters are crusted over.
A child with chickenpox should be kept out of school until all blisters have dried, usually about 10 days.
Chickenpox is very contagious — most kids with a sibling who's been infected will get it as well, showing symptoms about 2 weeks after the first child does.
To help keep the virus from spreading, make sure your children wash their hands frequently, particularly before eating and after using the bathroom.
And keep a child with chickenpox away from unvaccinated siblings as much as possible.
Pregnant women and anyone with immune system problems should not be near a person with chickenpox. If a pregnant woman who hasn't had chickenpox in the past contracts it (especially in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy), the fetus is at risk for birth defects. If she develops chickenpox just before or after the child is born, the newborn is at risk for serious health complications.
How to avoid getting Chickenpox?
----------------------------------------
Since May 2006, after FDA approval of the vaccine, Doctors recommend that kids receive the chickenpox vaccine when they are 12 to 15 months old and a booster shot at 4 to 6 years old. The vaccine is about 70% to 85% effective at preventing mild infection, and more than 95% effective in preventing moderate to severe forms of the infection.
Healthy children who have had chickenpox do not need the vaccine — they usually have lifelong protection against the illness.
How to treat Chickenpox?
-------------------------------
Treatment of Virus:A virus causes chickenpox, so the doctor won't prescribe antibiotics. However, antibiotics may be required if the sores become infected by bacteria.
The antiviral medicine acyclovir may be prescribed for people with chickenpox who are at risk for complications. The drug, which can make the infection less severe, must be given within the first 24 hours after the rash appears.
Treatment of Symptoms:You can help relieve the itchiness, fever, and discomfort of chickenpox by:
1.Using cool wet compresses or giving baths in cool or lukewarm water every 3 to 4 hours for the first few days.
2.Patting (not rubbing) the body dry.
3.Putting calamine lotion on itchy areas or acyclovir cream lightly over the rashes
4.Giving your child foods that are soft and bland because chickenpox in the mouth may make drinking or eating difficult.
5.Make the child drink lots of fluids
6. Anti itch medicine like antihistamine or pain relieving medicine like paracetamol may be given to relieve itch or pain.
7.As much as possible, discourage scratching. This can be difficult for the child, so consider putting mittens or socks on your child's hands to prevent scratching during sleep. In addition, trim fingernails and keep them clean to help lessen the effects of scratching, including broken blisters and infection.
What are the complications of Chickenpox?
---------------------------------------------------
Typically, chickenpox is a mild illness, but can affect some infants, teens, adults, and people with weak immune systems more severely.
Some people can develop serious bacterial infections involving the skin(especially in children with eczema), lungs(pneumonia) and the brain (encephalitis).
What is the outlook for Chickenpox?
-------------------------------------------
Most children recovered completely from chickenpox within 7-14 days of the onset of symptoms.
Adults may take a longer time to recover(10-21 days) and the symptoms are more severe.
Pox marks due to infections of the skin and deep scratching of blisters may remain and serve as a reminder of chickenpox.
A person usually has only one episode of chickenpox, but the virus can lie dormant within the body and cause a different type of skin eruption later in life called shingles (or herpes zoster).
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