A Simple Guide to Salpingitis

A Simple Guide to Salpingitis
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What is Salpingitis?
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Salpingitis is an acute or chronic infection of the fallopian tubes in females.

What are the causes of Salpingitis?
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Acute Salpingitis is usually caused by the following:

Infections:
1.sexually transmitted disease like gonorrhea,trichomonas and chlamydia.

2.tuberculosis salpingitis is rare

3.Infection may follow chilbirth or abortion

Mechanical irritants:
intrauterine device may cause acute or chronic Salpingitis

What are the symptoms and signs of Salpingitis?
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Persons who has Acute Salpingitis has the following
Symptoms:

1.severe lower abdominal pain

2.purulent vaginal discharge

3.painful or frequency of urination

4.fever

Signs:
1.tenderness in either lower abdominal quadrant

2.discharge can be seen in female vagina

3.vaginal examination - lateral movement of cervix causes pain
- palpation of the fallopian tubes may be very painful

How do you diagnose Salpingitis?
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Diagnosis can usually be made by :
1.History of lower abdominal pain with vaginal discharge

2.Tenderness in lower abdominal region with occasional palpation of tender mass
in the fallopian tube region

3.vaginal examination for tenderness in the tubes region

4.swab to culture for bacteria and sexually transmitted organisms and the antibiotic most appropriate for it.

5.Full blood count

6. endoscopy to examine the fallopian tubes

What are thae complications of Salpingitis?
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Acute Salpingitis may progress to chronic Salpingitis:

1. tubal infection with abscess formation(pyosalphinx) or cyst formation(hydrosalphinx)

2. Pelvic abscess

3. Ovarian infection

4.Infertility due to tube blockage

5. Peritonitis may occur with rupture of cyst and abscess

What is the treatment of Salpingitis?
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1.Approprate Antibiotics for infections especially after uterine bacterial culture

2.Bedrest

3.Surgery may be necessary in cases not responding to antibiotics.
Drainage of the abscess may be done and infected tube resected if necessary

What is the prognosis of Salpingitis?
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Prognosis is usually good with current antibiotics and medication.

Sexual partner may need to be treated.

Recurrence is quite common.

Infertilty may result in blocked or scarred fallopian tubes

A Simple Guide to Vulvitis

A Simple Guide to Vulvitis
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What is Vulvitis?
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Vulvitis is an acute inflammation of the vulva in females.

What are the causes of Vulvitis?
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Vulvitis is usually caused by the following:

Infections:

1.sexually transmitted disease like gonorrhea,trichomonas and chlamydia.

2.Fungal infection such as candidiasis

3.Herpes simplex in recurrent cases

4.Pediculosis pubis or lice

5.pinworm infection in children

6.Urinary infection such as cystitis

Allergies:

1.Clothings

2.perfumes

3.powders

4.drugs

Chemical irritants:

1.vaginal douche

2.detergents used to wash underwear

Mechanical irritants:

1.ill fitting underwear

2.inadequate sexual lubrication

Postmenopausal:

Atrophic vulvovaginitis after menopausal with dryness and inflammation of the vulval and vaginal lining

Generalised disorders:

Dermatological disorders such as lichen simplex


What are the symptoms and signs of Vulvitis?
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Persons who has Acute Vulvitis has the following
Symptoms:

1.vulval irritation and itch

2.discharge from vagina

3.painful or frequency of urination

4.excoriation of the inner lining of vulva

Signs:

1.discharge can be seen in female vagina

2.redness and inflammation of the vulva

How do you diagnose Vulvitis?
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Diagnosis can usually be made by :

1.History of vulval itch associated frequency of urination, painful urination or discharge from vagina

2.Vulva shows inflammation, excoriation of lining,

3.Vulval and vaginal swab to culture for bacteria and sexually transmitted organisms and the antibiotic most appropriate for it.

4. biopsy of the suspicious vulval lesions to exclude other causes of vulval problem such as tumor

What is the treatment of Vulvitis?
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1.Approprate Antibiotics, antifungal for infections especially after urine bacterial culture

2.Antihistamine medicine for itch

3.Topical oestrogen cream for postmenopausal atrophic vulvovaginitis

4.Proper hygience after urination, sexual intercourse and bathing

5.Avoid strong soaps

6.Use of lubricants during sexual intercourse

7.Weight reduction if obese

8.Treat underlying condition such as diabetes,allergic dermatitis,other skin
conditions.

What is the prognosis of Vulvitis?
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Prognosis is usually good with medication.

Sexual partner may need to be treated.

Recurrence is quite common.

A Simple Guide to Urethritis

A Simple Guide to Urethritis
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What is Urethritis?
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Urethritis is an acute infection of the urethra(the tube which allows passage of urine from the bladder to the outside).

What are the causes of Urethritis?
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Urethritis is usually caused by the following:

1.sexually transmitted disease like gonorrhea and chlamydia.

2.Urinary infection such as cystitis

3.In males associated with prostatitis

4.Urinary stone stuck in the urethra may cause urethitis

6.urinary catheterisation

7.Injury to the urethra

8.Important component of Reiter's Syndrome

What are the symptoms and signs of Urethritis?
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Persons who has Acute Urethritis has the following

Symptoms:
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1.painful urination

2.purulent discharge from penis in males or vagina in females

3.frequency of urination

4.cloudy and unpleasant smelling urine, sometimes blood in the urine

5.fever and chills

6.Polyathritis and conjunctivitis in Reiter's Syndrome

Signs:
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1. pussy discharge can be seen in male's urethra or in female vagina

2.redness and inflammation of the opening of the urethra

How do you diagnose Urethritis?
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Diagnosis can usually be made by :

1.History of sexual activity followed by frequency of urination, painful urination or pussy discharge from urethra or vagina

2.Urine test shows the presence of pus cells, leucocyte, red blood cells and micro-organisms

3.Urine culture for bacteria and sexually transmitted organisms and the antibiotic most appropriate for it.

4. cystoscopy may be necessary to exclude urinary stones,tumours of the bladder in the case of blood in the urine

What is the complications of Urethritis?
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Upward infections from the urethra can lead to infections of the bladder and kidneys.

What is the treatment of Urethritis?
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Analgesic medicine for pain

Approprate Antibiotics for infections especially after urine bacterial culture

Lots of fluids

What is the prognosis of Urethritis?
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Prognosis is usually good with medication.

Sexual partner may need to be treated.

Recurrence is quite common.

A Simple Guide to Cystitis

A Simple Guide to Cystitis
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What is Cystitis?
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Cystitis is an acute or chronic infection of the urinary bladder.

What are the causes of Cystitis?
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Cystitis is usually caused by the following:

1. ascending infection of the urinary bladder from the urethra.

2. in females frequently associated with sexual activity eg. honeymoon cystitis

3.In males with enlargement of the prostate or infection of the prostate

4. In children, the bacteria E.coli of the same type as the child's bowels

5.More frequently present in Diabetic patients

6.procedures such as urinary catheterisation

7.cystitis is more common in the female,especially those on contraceptive pills or with intrauterine contraceptive devices.

8. may be associated with congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract such as bladder neck obstruction,urethral reflux,neurogenic bladder,and urinary incontinence.

What are the symptoms and signs of Cystitis?
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Persons who has Acute Cystitis has the following symptoms:

1.frequency of urination and nocturia

2.painful urination

3.suprapubic discomfort

4.cloudy and unpleasant smelling urine, sometimes blood in the urine

5.fever and chills especially in children

Signs:
Tenderness on palpation in the suprapubic region

How do you diagnose Cystitis?
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Diagnosis can usually be made by :

1.History of frequency of urination, painful urination

2.Urine test shows the presence of pus cells, leucocyte, red blood cells and micro-organisms

3.Urine culture will determine the micro-organism involved and the antibiotic most appropriate for it.

4. cystoscopy may be necessary to exclude tumours of the bladder

What are the complications of Cystitis?
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Upward infections from the bladder can lead to infections of the kidneys and kidney failure.

What is the treatment of Cystitis?
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Analgesic or antispasmodic medicine

Antibiotics for infections especially after urine bacterial culture

Lots of fluids

What is the prognosis of Cystitis?
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Prognosis is usually good with medication.

Recurrence is quite common.

cystitis,frequency,painful,nocturia,sexual activity,antibiotics,analgesic, cystoscopy, urine test, bacteria culture,prostate