A Simple Guide to Epididymitis and Orchitis

A Simple Guide to Epididymitis and Orchitis
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What is Epididymitis and Orchitis?
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Epididymitis and orchitis is acute bacterial or viral infection of the epididymis and testis.

The epididymis is the small organ on top of the testis.


Who is affected by Epididymitis and Orchitis?
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1.childhood, usually related to mumps infection

2.sexually active males

3.Epididymitis is more common than Orchitis


What are the Causes of Epididymitis and Orchitis?
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Bacterial infections:

1.Gonorrhea

2.Chlamydia

3.staphylococcus aureus

4.Streptococcus

5.Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

6.E.coli

Viral infections:

1.mumps in childhood

2.measles


What are the complications of Epididymitis and Orchitis?
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1.Orchitis or infection of the testis following epididymitis

2.Abscess formation of the epididymis

3.gangrene of the testis if blood flow is affected.

4.inguinal lymphadenitis


What are the Symptoms and signs of Epididymitis and Orchitis?
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1.Pain in scrotum

2.ejaculation of blood

3.hematuria (blood in the urine)

4.Fever

Signs:

1.Scrotal swelling

2.Induration of scrotum wall

3.tenderness of epididymis

4.tenderness of the testis if orchitis is present


How is diagnosis of Epididymitis and Orchitis made?
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1.pain and tenderness of the epididymis and testis

2.Mid stream urine for culture

3.Blood tests( white cell count , blood culture)

4.Ultrasound of the testis


What is the treatment of Epididymitis and Orchitis?
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Acute Epididymitis and Orchitis

1. Antibiotics may be commenced if fever is high or the culture showed bacterial infections.

2.Fever and pain may be treated with paracetamol

3.Scrotal support

4.Ice packs for scrotum

5.Bed rest and Fluids

6.Surgical drainage if there is abscess formation.


What is the prognosis of Epididymitis and Orchitis?
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Prognosis with appropriate treatment and antibiotics is generally good.

There is a risk of sterility and decreased male hormone production if treatment is inadequate.


What are Preventive measures for Epididymitis and Orchitis?
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Avoid sexual partners with multiple partners.

Use condoms during sexual intercourse.

A Simple Guide to Mumps

A Simple Guide to Mumps
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What is Mumps?
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Mumps is a highly contagious viral infection that causes painful swelling in the salivary glands (the glands which produce saliva) which include the parotid, submandibular and submental glands.

How is Mumps spread?
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The mumps (paramyxovirus) virus is spread by coughing, sneezing and through the saliva of an infected person.

It can also be spread by contact with contaminated items and surfaces.

It is contagious 1 - 2 days before the appearance of symptoms to 1 - 2 days after the symptoms disappear.

The incubation period is about 18 days.

An attack gives lifelong immunity.

Who is infected in Mumps?
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Although mumps may affect adults, children between the ages of 5 - 15 years are most prone.

What are the Symptoms of Mumps?
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Symptoms
1.Prodromal symptoms such as fever, headache and sore throat

2.Facial pain and swelling

3.pain or lumps in their testicles

4.Abdominal pain

Signs:
1.Swollen and tender parotid glands in front of the ear, cheek and neck.
Submandibular glands below the jaws are less affected

2.Dry mouth - less saliva ,fever

3.Males may experience pain or lumps in their testicles, and swelling in the scrotum. However this rarely causes infertility problems.

4.Pain in the abdomen may indicate pancreatitis, a rare complication

5.Meningoencephalitis (infection of the central nervous system) with fever, headache and neck rigidity. It usually does not cause permanent damage.

What is the Treatment of Mumps?
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Mumps is a viral disease and cannot be cured.
It normally run its course within 1 week.
Treatment of mumps is therefore symptomatic.

1.Rest and soft diet.

2.Lots of fluids

3.Paracetamol can be given to reduce fever and relieve pain. For children, aspirin should not be given because of the risk of Reye's syndrome which can damage the brain.

4.Warm or cold compresses can be given to relieve pain and swelling in the parotid glands.

5.Cool compresses and scrotal support can be given to reduce pain and swelling in the testicles.

6.Avoid foods that stimulate the parotid glands (stimulating the glands causes pain) such as fruit juices and tart beverages.

What are the complications of Mumps?
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The mumps virus may affects many different glands including the brain.
It can affect the testes (orchitis)in boys or ovaries (oophoritis) in girls during puberty rarely causing infertility.

It can also affect the pancreas in some patients giving rise to Juvenile Diabetes or pancreatitis.

In the brain rarely encephalitis or meningitis may occur with damage to some brain cells.

What is the prognosis of Mumps?
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Prognosis is good in all cases.
Very rarely do complications such orchitis or meningitis occur.

How is Mumps Prevented?
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Mumps can be prevented by administering the Mumps, Measles, Rubella vaccine (MMR). This vaccine is given at the age of 15 months and again at 12 years old.