A Simple Guide to Hepatitis A
-----------------------------------
What is Hepatitis A?
-------------------------
Hepatitis A is a acute inflammatory infection of the liver which is caused by the hepatitis A virus(HAV).
How is Hepatitis A virus spread?
--------------------------------------
The virus is excreted in faeces and transmitted through contaminated food and water. Eating shellfish, cockle shells, prawns or crabs taken from sewage-contaminated water is a common means of contracting hepatitis A.
It can also be acquired by close contact with individuals infected with the virus.
HAV causes the liver to become enlarged, inflamed and tender resulting in all the symptoms of hepatitis.
There is no chronic (long-term) infection.
What are the Symptoms of Hepatitis A?
----------------------------------------------
A person is infectious for 2-3 weeks before he or she experiences symptoms:
1.fever and joint pains
2.jaundice
3.fatigue
4.loss of appetite
5.nausea and vomiting
6.abdominal pain
7.pale coloured stools and dark urine
8.itchy skin due to irritation by the bilirubin.
During the first week of the illness he feels very sick and weak.
As the condition improves, the patient generally feels better after the first week but may requires to rest at home for 6 weeks to avoid damage to the liver.
How is the diagnosis of Hepatitis A made?
-------------------------------------------------
A blood test is the best way to diagnose hepatitis A.
His hepatitis antigens are raised at the early stage but as his condition improves the antibodies become positive.
His liver function tests are also done to assess the damage to the liver.
Usually the serum bilirubin is high, liver enzymes or tramsaminase, alkaline phosphatase are raised in the acute stage of illness.
As the condition improves, these tests gradually returned to normal.
What is the Treatment of Hepatitis A?
---------------------------------------------
There are no medicines for treatment of Hepatitis A except for symptomatic treatment of symptoms.
1.Rest in bed
2.multivitamins especially vitamin B to improve the function of the liver
3.Lots of fluids
4.carbohydrate diet
5.Anti-itch creams and lotions to stop itch
Recovery is usual with very rare cases going on to cirrhosis of the liver.
What is the Prevention of Hepatitis A?
---------------------------------------------
Hepatitis A vaccination is the best protection.
It is usually given in 2 doses within 1 year.
Immune globulin can be given for short-term protection.
It is given before and within 2 weeks after coming in contact with hepatitis A virus.
The vaccine is recommended for travellers travelling to developing countries and people with chronic liver disease.
Always practice good food hygiene.
Avoid food like seafood which may be contaminated by unhygienic water.
Always wash your hands with soap and water after using the toilet, before preparing and eating food.
Recovery is usual within 6 weeks.
What is the difference between Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B?
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Hepatitis A is spread through eating food contaminated with the HAV virus.
Examples include partially cooked shellfish (oysters, clams) or in situations where there is poor hygiene (food/drink/utensils contaminated with an infected person's faeces).
Most people suffer an acute episode and upon recovery have immunity to Hepatitis A.
Hepatitis B is spread by contact with blood or body/fluids of an infected person (including a carrier) or from a carrier mother to her newborn during childbirth.
Hepatitis B infection can lead to hepatitis carrier stage or chronic hepatitis which can results in liver cirrhosis or cancer.
Showing posts with label fatigue. Show all posts
Showing posts with label fatigue. Show all posts
Wednesday, November 7, 2007
Friday, November 2, 2007
A Simple Guide to Depression
A Simple Guide to Depression
-----------------------------------
What is Depression?
------------------------
Depression is a very common mental ilness with an alteration of mood which exceeds normal sadness.
How common is Depression?
----------------------------------
Everyone has felt sad at one time or another.
It may be due to a disappointment, frustration or losing someone.
But time heals, the mood lifts and people continue to get on with their lives.
In some people, depression can be so severe that it dominates their lives, preventing them from living their lives as they used to.
Depression of this degree is a medical illness and needs treatment.
What Are The Types Of Depression?
------------------------------------------
1.Major depression is manifested by a combination of symptoms that affect our work, interests and feelings towards family and friends.
These disabling episodes can occur twice or several times in a lifetime.
2.Dysthymia is a less severe type of depression.
People with dysthymia have long-term depressive symptoms and it prevents them from functioning at an optimal level.
What Are The Causes Of Depression?
--------------------------------------------
1.hereditary or genetic factors in the transmission of depressive disorders.
In some families, major depression seems to occur generation after generation.
2.biological component in depression.
It may be associated with having too little or too much chemicals in the brain.
3. medications have mood altering properties.
Some medication act by altering the biochemical imbalances in the brain causing depression.
4. Life events such as loss of a job, retirement, divorce, death of a loved one or moving to a new house can precipitate a depressive illness.
5.Social circumstances also play a part.
If we are alone, have few or no friends, suffer from a chronic illness, then we may be more vulnerable to depression.
6. People with life threatening or long-term physical illness such as cancer, stroke, arthritis or heart disease are also more vulnerable to depression.
7. Personality may also play a part in depression. Some of us are more vulnerable than others because of the individual make-up or early life experiences.
Very often, a combination of genetic, psychological and environmental factors is involved in the onset of depression.
The good news is that whatever the cause, depression is treatable.
What are the Symptoms Of Depression?
----------------------------------------------
Certain characteristic symptoms can give you or your family a clue that you are depressed:
1.Depressed mood
2.lethargy and fatigue
3.loss of interest and enjoyment in life
4.lack of drive or motivation that makes even simple tasks or decisions difficult or impossible
5.loss of concentration
6.Loss of self confidence, avoiding people
7.Sleeplessness or excessive sleeping
8.Agitation or restlessness
9.ideas of being useless, inadequate, helpless or hopeless
10.Feeling guilty or worthless
11.Loss or gain in appetite, libido with loss or gain in weight
12.Thoughts of suicide;
These symptoms are very common in depression.
It is much better admitted to friends or relatives than to keep them hidden.
How is Depression Treated?
---------------------------------
Reassurance and support is most important in treatment of depression.
Recognition of suicide risk must be remembered when treating a depressed person.
Treatment for depression is well established.
Majority up to 90% of people with major depression have fairly good treatment outcome.
Treatment consists of
drug (antidepressant medication) and
non-drug therapy.
Usually, a combined treatment is best:
1.medication to gain relatively quick relief and
2.psychotherapy to learn more effective ways to deal with life stresses.
Antidepressant Medication
---------------------------------
All antidepressant medications are equally effective but they have different side effects.
The most often used antidepressants include tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, lithium and selective serotonin inhibitors (SSRI).
Antidepressant medications do not begin working the day you take them but your mood will improve after one to two weeks.
However, you may notice some improvement on the first day, especially in your sleep and feeling less tense and anxious.
The medications are compatible with painkillers, antibiotics and contraceptives. However, you should avoid alcohol as the medication and alcohol combined can make you too drowsy.
Do not stop the medication once you start to feel better as you may relapse into depression again.
You should discuss this with your doctor and let him advise you when to stop.
Antidepressants like all drugs have some side effects, though these are usually mild and tend to wear off as treatment goes on.
The common side effects and their remedies are:
Dry mouth - drink more water
Constipation - eat more fruits, cereals, prunes and vegetables
Drowsiness - this will pass soon; do not drive or operate heavy machinery if feeling sedated Dizziness - rise from bed or chair slowly
Some side effects with the newer medications:
Headache - this will usually go away
Nausea and stomach discomfort - transient; take medication with food
Nervousness and insomnia - these may occur during the first few weeks, reducing the dose will usually resolve them.
Non Drug Therapy
-----------------------
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy involves talking things through with a trained counselor or therapist.
Talking to someone who can really listen and understand you without passing judgement can be a tremendous relief.
You learn how to solve problems and cope with life stresses better.
Exercise
Exercise not only improves your health but it also gives you a sense of accomplishment. Endorphins ('feel good' hormones) are released during exercise and this can elevate your mood.
Relaxation Therapy
This involves deep breathing exercises and progressive muscle relaxation.
Support Groups
Support groups offer fellowship and you get to hear first hand accounts of how others with depression, like you, have learnt to cope.
There is also a psychoeducation group which help you learn about the depressive illness and methods of coping.
Electroconvulsive Theraphy (ECT)
ECT is only indicated for those with severe depression who have not responded to treatment or are highly suicidal.
It involves giving a light general anaesthetic and an electric current is passed through the brain for a few seconds. The whole procedure takes only about 15 minutes and the patient is only aware of having gone to sleep.
How Can You Prevent Depression ?
-----------------------------------------
1.try to talk to close friends about bad news
2. Be realistic about your goals. Do not aim too high. Set priorities and do what you can.
3. Do something - get out of the house for a walk or some exercise.
While you may not be able to work, it is always good to try to keep up with some light activities such as housework.
This will help take your mind off those painful feelings.
4. Eat a good balanced diet, even though you may not feel like eating.
5. Resist the temptation to drown your sorrows with alcohol.
Alcohol can depresses the mood, so while it may give you immediate relief by making you forget your problems, this is very temporary and you may end up more depressed.
It is also bad for your liver and general physical health.
6. Remind yourself that you are suffering from depression, something that many other people have gone through, and that you will eventually come out of it, as they do
7.Remember your appointments to see the doctor , take your medicine regularly and do not be afraid to ask for help from your friends and support groups.
-----------------------------------
What is Depression?
------------------------
Depression is a very common mental ilness with an alteration of mood which exceeds normal sadness.
How common is Depression?
----------------------------------
Everyone has felt sad at one time or another.
It may be due to a disappointment, frustration or losing someone.
But time heals, the mood lifts and people continue to get on with their lives.
In some people, depression can be so severe that it dominates their lives, preventing them from living their lives as they used to.
Depression of this degree is a medical illness and needs treatment.
What Are The Types Of Depression?
------------------------------------------
1.Major depression is manifested by a combination of symptoms that affect our work, interests and feelings towards family and friends.
These disabling episodes can occur twice or several times in a lifetime.
2.Dysthymia is a less severe type of depression.
People with dysthymia have long-term depressive symptoms and it prevents them from functioning at an optimal level.
What Are The Causes Of Depression?
--------------------------------------------
1.hereditary or genetic factors in the transmission of depressive disorders.
In some families, major depression seems to occur generation after generation.
2.biological component in depression.
It may be associated with having too little or too much chemicals in the brain.
3. medications have mood altering properties.
Some medication act by altering the biochemical imbalances in the brain causing depression.
4. Life events such as loss of a job, retirement, divorce, death of a loved one or moving to a new house can precipitate a depressive illness.
5.Social circumstances also play a part.
If we are alone, have few or no friends, suffer from a chronic illness, then we may be more vulnerable to depression.
6. People with life threatening or long-term physical illness such as cancer, stroke, arthritis or heart disease are also more vulnerable to depression.
7. Personality may also play a part in depression. Some of us are more vulnerable than others because of the individual make-up or early life experiences.
Very often, a combination of genetic, psychological and environmental factors is involved in the onset of depression.
The good news is that whatever the cause, depression is treatable.
What are the Symptoms Of Depression?
----------------------------------------------
Certain characteristic symptoms can give you or your family a clue that you are depressed:
1.Depressed mood
2.lethargy and fatigue
3.loss of interest and enjoyment in life
4.lack of drive or motivation that makes even simple tasks or decisions difficult or impossible
5.loss of concentration
6.Loss of self confidence, avoiding people
7.Sleeplessness or excessive sleeping
8.Agitation or restlessness
9.ideas of being useless, inadequate, helpless or hopeless
10.Feeling guilty or worthless
11.Loss or gain in appetite, libido with loss or gain in weight
12.Thoughts of suicide;
These symptoms are very common in depression.
It is much better admitted to friends or relatives than to keep them hidden.
How is Depression Treated?
---------------------------------
Reassurance and support is most important in treatment of depression.
Recognition of suicide risk must be remembered when treating a depressed person.
Treatment for depression is well established.
Majority up to 90% of people with major depression have fairly good treatment outcome.
Treatment consists of
drug (antidepressant medication) and
non-drug therapy.
Usually, a combined treatment is best:
1.medication to gain relatively quick relief and
2.psychotherapy to learn more effective ways to deal with life stresses.
Antidepressant Medication
---------------------------------
All antidepressant medications are equally effective but they have different side effects.
The most often used antidepressants include tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, lithium and selective serotonin inhibitors (SSRI).
Antidepressant medications do not begin working the day you take them but your mood will improve after one to two weeks.
However, you may notice some improvement on the first day, especially in your sleep and feeling less tense and anxious.
The medications are compatible with painkillers, antibiotics and contraceptives. However, you should avoid alcohol as the medication and alcohol combined can make you too drowsy.
Do not stop the medication once you start to feel better as you may relapse into depression again.
You should discuss this with your doctor and let him advise you when to stop.
Antidepressants like all drugs have some side effects, though these are usually mild and tend to wear off as treatment goes on.
The common side effects and their remedies are:
Dry mouth - drink more water
Constipation - eat more fruits, cereals, prunes and vegetables
Drowsiness - this will pass soon; do not drive or operate heavy machinery if feeling sedated Dizziness - rise from bed or chair slowly
Some side effects with the newer medications:
Headache - this will usually go away
Nausea and stomach discomfort - transient; take medication with food
Nervousness and insomnia - these may occur during the first few weeks, reducing the dose will usually resolve them.
Non Drug Therapy
-----------------------
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy involves talking things through with a trained counselor or therapist.
Talking to someone who can really listen and understand you without passing judgement can be a tremendous relief.
You learn how to solve problems and cope with life stresses better.
Exercise
Exercise not only improves your health but it also gives you a sense of accomplishment. Endorphins ('feel good' hormones) are released during exercise and this can elevate your mood.
Relaxation Therapy
This involves deep breathing exercises and progressive muscle relaxation.
Support Groups
Support groups offer fellowship and you get to hear first hand accounts of how others with depression, like you, have learnt to cope.
There is also a psychoeducation group which help you learn about the depressive illness and methods of coping.
Electroconvulsive Theraphy (ECT)
ECT is only indicated for those with severe depression who have not responded to treatment or are highly suicidal.
It involves giving a light general anaesthetic and an electric current is passed through the brain for a few seconds. The whole procedure takes only about 15 minutes and the patient is only aware of having gone to sleep.
How Can You Prevent Depression ?
-----------------------------------------
1.try to talk to close friends about bad news
2. Be realistic about your goals. Do not aim too high. Set priorities and do what you can.
3. Do something - get out of the house for a walk or some exercise.
While you may not be able to work, it is always good to try to keep up with some light activities such as housework.
This will help take your mind off those painful feelings.
4. Eat a good balanced diet, even though you may not feel like eating.
5. Resist the temptation to drown your sorrows with alcohol.
Alcohol can depresses the mood, so while it may give you immediate relief by making you forget your problems, this is very temporary and you may end up more depressed.
It is also bad for your liver and general physical health.
6. Remind yourself that you are suffering from depression, something that many other people have gone through, and that you will eventually come out of it, as they do
7.Remember your appointments to see the doctor , take your medicine regularly and do not be afraid to ask for help from your friends and support groups.
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